Biosorption technology for removal of toxic metals: a review of commercial biosorbents and patents.

In last decades, the biosorption process has become one of the main alternative treatment technologies for the removal of pollutants from dilute aqueous solution. Among these pollutants, toxic metals have drawn attention due to their negative effects in human body and food chain. Even though biosorption is considered a cost-effective and eco-friendly technology to remove toxic metals from dilute wastewaters, there are still obstacles that restrain its commercialization. For this reason, various scientific articles and patents have been published each year to make more effective and economical this technology. This review reports an overview of past achievements, current research of biosorption studies, and future trends for the development of the biosorption as sustainable cleaner technology. Mechanisms of metal uptake, recovery and biosorbent regeneration, process design, commercial application of biosorbents, and patents registered are presented. Finally, future aspects in biosorption research and suggestions for its application will be discussed.