Mona Moieni1, Kevin M Tan2, Tristen K Inagaki3, Keely A Muscatell4, Janine M Dutcher5, Ivana Jevtic2, Elizabeth C Breen6, Michael R Irwin6, Naomi I Eisenberger7. 1. Department of Psychology, Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles; California; Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles; California. 2. Department of Psychology, Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles; California. 3. Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 4. Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. 5. Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 6. Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles; California. 7. Department of Psychology, Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles; California. Electronic address: neisenbe@ucla.edu.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: There are robust sex differences in the prevalence of depression. Inflammation and anhedonia may play a role in understanding these sex differences. Indeed, sex differences in inflammation-induced neural responses to reward may provide insight into the sex gaps in depression, but no study has examined this question. METHODS: As such, the current study examined whether there were sex differences in reward-related neural activity (i.e., ventral striatum [VS] activity) in response to an experimental inflammatory challenge. Human participants (N = 115; 69 female) were randomly assigned to receive either placebo or low-dose endotoxin, which increases inflammation in a safe, time-limited manner. Two hours after receiving placebo or endotoxin (the height of the inflammatory response to endotoxin), participants completed a task in which they anticipated monetary reward in a functional magnetic resonance imaging scanner. RESULTS: Results demonstrated that endotoxin (vs. placebo) led to reduced VS activity in anticipation of reward and that there were sex differences in this effect. Specifically, in female participants, endotoxin (vs. placebo) led to decreased VS activity in anticipation of reward, but this effect was not present in male participants. In addition, within the endotoxin condition, decreases in VS activity in anticipation of reward were related to increases in inflammation for female but not male participants. CONCLUSIONS: These findings may have implications for understanding how inflammation may contribute to sex differences in rates of depression.
BACKGROUND: There are robust sex differences in the prevalence of depression. Inflammation and anhedonia may play a role in understanding these sex differences. Indeed, sex differences in inflammation-induced neural responses to reward may provide insight into the sex gaps in depression, but no study has examined this question. METHODS: As such, the current study examined whether there were sex differences in reward-related neural activity (i.e., ventral striatum [VS] activity) in response to an experimental inflammatory challenge. Human participants (N = 115; 69 female) were randomly assigned to receive either placebo or low-dose endotoxin, which increases inflammation in a safe, time-limited manner. Two hours after receiving placebo or endotoxin (the height of the inflammatory response to endotoxin), participants completed a task in which they anticipated monetary reward in a functional magnetic resonance imaging scanner. RESULTS: Results demonstrated that endotoxin (vs. placebo) led to reduced VS activity in anticipation of reward and that there were sex differences in this effect. Specifically, in female participants, endotoxin (vs. placebo) led to decreased VS activity in anticipation of reward, but this effect was not present in male participants. In addition, within the endotoxin condition, decreases in VS activity in anticipation of reward were related to increases in inflammation for female but not male participants. CONCLUSIONS: These findings may have implications for understanding how inflammation may contribute to sex differences in rates of depression.
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