Barriers and facilitators to integrating primary and specialist healthcare in the United Kingdom: a narrative literature review.

Many national policies propose integration between primary and specialist care to improve the care of people with long-term conditions. There is an increasing need to understand how to practically implement such service redesign. This paper reviews the literature on the barriers to, and facilitators of, integrating primary and specialist healthcare for people with long-term conditions in the UK, with the aim of informing the development and implementation of similar initiatives in integration. MEDLINE and CINAHL databases were searched and 14 articles discussing factors hindering or enabling integration were identified. The factors were extracted and synthesised and key lessons were tabulated. Successful integration of care requires synchronised changes on different levels, a well-resourced team, a well-defined and evidence-based service, agreed and articulated new roles and responsibilities, and a willingness among healthcare professionals to co-work and co-learn. Barriers to successful implementation of integrated care include a lack of commitment across organisations, limited resources, poorly functioning information technology (IT), poor coordination of finances and care pathways, conflicting objectives, and conflict within teams. The examples of integrated working provide insights into problems and solutions around interorganisational and interprofessional working that will guide those planning integration in the future.