Johanna E Emmens1, Jozine M Ter Maaten1, Kevin Damman1, Dirk J van Veldhuisen1, Rudolf A de Boer1, Joachim Struck2, Andreas Bergmann2, Iziah E Sama1, Koen W Streng1, Stefan D Anker3,4, Kenneth Dickstein5,6, Chim C Lang7, Marco Metra8, Nilesh J Samani9,10, Leong L Ng9,10, Adriaan A Voors1. 1. Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands (J.E.E., J.M.t.M., K. Damman, D.J.v.V., R.A.d.B., I.E.S., K.W.S., A.A.V.). 2. Sphingotec GmbH, Hennigsdorf, Germany (J.S., A.B.). 3. Division of Cardiology and Metabolism-Heart Failure, Cachexia and Sarcopenia, Department of Cardiology; Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies; Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung (DZHK) Berlin; Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (S.D.A.). 4. Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany (S.D.A.). 5. Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway (K. Dickstein). 6. Department of Cardiology, Stavanger University Hospital, Norway (K. Dickstein). 7. School of Medicine Centre for Cardiovascular and Lung Biology, Division of Medical Sciences, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, United Kingdom (C.C.L.). 8. Institute of Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Italy (M.M.). 9. Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, United Kingdom (N.J.S., L.L.N.). 10. NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, United Kingdom (N.J.S., L.L.N.).
Abstract
BACKGROUND: PENK (proenkephalin) is a stable surrogate for enkephalins, endogenous opioid peptides, which exert cardiodepressive effects and improve renal function. PENK has been associated with heart failure (HF) severity and renal dysfunction. We therefore hypothesized that PENK could be associated with deterioration of kidney function and could have a role as a novel renal marker in HF. METHODS AND RESULTS: In 2180 patients with HF of a large multicenter cohort (BIOSTAT-CHF [A Systems Biology Study to Tailored Treatment in Chronic Heart Failure]), the relationship between PENK and clinical variables, plasma and urinary biomarkers, and clinical end points was established. Data were validated in a separate cohort of 1703 patients with HF. PENK was elevated (>80 pmol/L, 99th percentile) in 1245 (57%) patients. Higher PENK was associated with more advanced HF and glomerular and tubular dysfunction. The strongest independent predictor of PENK was estimated glomerular filtration rate. Others were plasma NGAL (neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin) and NT-proBNP (N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; all P<0.001). Using correlation heatmaps and hierarchical cluster analyses, PENK clustered with estimated glomerular filtration rate, creatinine, NGAL, galectin-3, and urea. Higher PENK was independently associated with increased risk of deterioration of kidney function between baseline and 9 months (odds ratio, 1.29 [1.02-1.65] per PENK doubling; P=0.038; defined as >25% decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate) and mortality (hazard ratio, 1.23 [1.07-1.43] per doubling; P=0.004). Analyses in the validation cohort yielded comparable findings. CONCLUSIONS: Higher PENK levels are associated with more severe HF, with glomerular and tubular renal dysfunction, with incidence of a deterioration of kidney function, and with mortality. These findings suggest that the opioid system might be involved in deteriorating kidney function in HF.
BACKGROUND:PENK (proenkephalin) is a stable surrogate for enkephalins, endogenous opioid peptides, which exert cardiodepressive effects and improve renal function. PENK has been associated with heart failure (HF) severity and renal dysfunction. We therefore hypothesized that PENK could be associated with deterioration of kidney function and could have a role as a novel renal marker in HF. METHODS AND RESULTS: In 2180 patients with HF of a large multicenter cohort (BIOSTAT-CHF [A Systems Biology Study to Tailored Treatment in Chronic Heart Failure]), the relationship between PENK and clinical variables, plasma and urinary biomarkers, and clinical end points was established. Data were validated in a separate cohort of 1703 patients with HF. PENK was elevated (>80 pmol/L, 99th percentile) in 1245 (57%) patients. Higher PENK was associated with more advanced HF and glomerular and tubular dysfunction. The strongest independent predictor of PENK was estimated glomerular filtration rate. Others were plasma NGAL (neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin) and NT-proBNP (N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; all P<0.001). Using correlation heatmaps and hierarchical cluster analyses, PENK clustered with estimated glomerular filtration rate, creatinine, NGAL, galectin-3, and urea. Higher PENK was independently associated with increased risk of deterioration of kidney function between baseline and 9 months (odds ratio, 1.29 [1.02-1.65] per PENK doubling; P=0.038; defined as >25% decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate) and mortality (hazard ratio, 1.23 [1.07-1.43] per doubling; P=0.004). Analyses in the validation cohort yielded comparable findings. CONCLUSIONS: Higher PENK levels are associated with more severe HF, with glomerular and tubular renal dysfunction, with incidence of a deterioration of kidney function, and with mortality. These findings suggest that the opioid system might be involved in deteriorating kidney function in HF.
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