BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: People are now spending longer in retirement than ever before and retirement has been found to influence health. This study systematically reviewed the impact of retirement on cardiovascular disease (CVD) and its risk factors (metabolic risk factors, blood biomarkers, physical activity, smoking, drinking, and diet). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Longitudinal studies published in Medline, Embase, Social Science Citation Index, PsycINFO, and Social Policy and Practice were searched. No language restrictions were applied if there was an English abstract. Eighty-two longitudinal studies were included after critical appraisals. RESULTS: Studies in the United States often found no significant effect of retirement on CVD, while studies in European countries, except France, showed a detrimental effect of retirement on CVD. Results from the United States and several European countries consistently show that retirement increase adiposity measures among those retired from physically demanding jobs. For diabetes and hypertension, five out of nine studies suggest no effect of retirement. Retirement has been repeatedly linked to increasing leisure-time physical activity but may reduce work- and transport-related physical activity in turn. Most studies showed that retirement either decreased smoking or had no effect on smoking. The evidence did not show a clear conclusion on drinking. Only a few studies have assessed the impact on diet and blood biomarkers. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS: Effect of retirement varies according to the health outcomes studied and country of the study population. Policy concerning extending the retirement age needs to focus on ensuring they are suited to the individual.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:People are now spending longer in retirement than ever before and retirement has been found to influence health. This study systematically reviewed the impact of retirement on cardiovascular disease (CVD) and its risk factors (metabolic risk factors, blood biomarkers, physical activity, smoking, drinking, and diet). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Longitudinal studies published in Medline, Embase, Social Science Citation Index, PsycINFO, and Social Policy and Practice were searched. No language restrictions were applied if there was an English abstract. Eighty-two longitudinal studies were included after critical appraisals. RESULTS: Studies in the United States often found no significant effect of retirement on CVD, while studies in European countries, except France, showed a detrimental effect of retirement on CVD. Results from the United States and several European countries consistently show that retirement increase adiposity measures among those retired from physically demanding jobs. For diabetes and hypertension, five out of nine studies suggest no effect of retirement. Retirement has been repeatedly linked to increasing leisure-time physical activity but may reduce work- and transport-related physical activity in turn. Most studies showed that retirement either decreased smoking or had no effect on smoking. The evidence did not show a clear conclusion on drinking. Only a few studies have assessed the impact on diet and blood biomarkers. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS: Effect of retirement varies according to the health outcomes studied and country of the study population. Policy concerning extending the retirement age needs to focus on ensuring they are suited to the individual.
Authors: Tuija Leskinen; Kristin Suorsa; Ilkka Ha Heinonen; Eliisa Löyttyniemi; Jaana Pentti; Jussi Vahtera; Sari Stenholm Journal: Front Aging Date: 2021-10-29
Authors: Laura Gallardo-Alfaro; Maria Del Mar Bibiloni; Catalina M Mascaró; Sofía Montemayor; Miguel Ruiz-Canela; Jordi Salas-Salvadó; Dolores Corella; Montserrat Fitó; Dora Romaguera; Jesús Vioque; Ángel M Alonso-Gómez; Julia Wärnberg; J Alfredo Martínez; Lluís Serra-Majem; Ramon Estruch; José Carlos Fernández-García; José Lapetra; Xavier Pintó; Antonio García Ríos; Aurora Bueno-Cavanillas; José J Gaforio; Pilar Matía-Martín; Lidia Daimiel; Rafael M Micó-Pérez; Josep Vidal; Clotilde Vázquez; Emilio Ros; Cesar Ignacio Fernandez-Lázaro; Nerea Becerra-Tomás; Ignacio Manuel Gimenez-Alba; María Dolors Zomeño; Jadwiga Konieczna; Laura Compañ-Gabucio; Lucas Tojal-Sierra; Jéssica Pérez-López; M Ángeles Zulet; Tamara Casañas-Quintana; Sara Castro-Barquero; Ana María Gómez-Pérez; José Manuel Santos-Lozano; Ana Galera; F Javier Basterra-Gortari; Josep Basora; Carmen Saiz; Karla Alejandra Pérez-Vega; Aina M Galmés-Panadés; Cristina Tercero-Maciá; Carolina Sorto-Sánchez; Carmen Sayón-Orea; Jesús García-Gavilán; Júlia Muñoz-Martínez; Josep A Tur Journal: Nutrients Date: 2020-04-07 Impact factor: 5.717