Aashaq Hussain Bhat1, Ashok Kumar Chaubey2, Ebrahim Shokoohi3, Phatu William Mashela3. 1. Nematology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, India. aashiqhussainbhat10@gmail.com. 2. Nematology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, India. 3. Green Biotechnologies Research Centre of Excellence, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: The entomopathogenic nematodes have been reported from all continents (except Antarctica) and almost all regions of the world. Surveys of EPNs in India has resulted in the recovery of several isolates of Steinernema. Among one of them, isolate CS34 was identified as S. hermaphroditum Stock, Griffin & Chaerani, 2004. We investigated the identification and the pathogenicity of S. hermaphroditum in District Meerut of Western Uttar Pradesh, India. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Steinernema was examined for its pathogenicity and accurate identification by the mean of morphological and molecular technique and its geographical distribution was mapped based on meta-analysis of the ITS GenBank records. RESULTS: The surveys of agricultural soils of district Meerut, India, resulted in the isolation of one strain from entomopathogenic nematode labelled CS34 through Galleria baiting technique. Morphological characters and morphometrical analysis indicated that the strain CS34 was closely related to the "glaseri" group of Steinernema spp. The Nblast results indicated that ITS rDNA sequence had no nucleotide differences in comparison with the S. hermaphroditum (JQ687355). However, one variation in the D2-D3 segment of 28S rDNA was observed in comparison with the AY598358. The phylogenetic analysis using ITS and 28S rDNA indicated that the Indian S. hermaphroditum could be placed together with other S. hermaphroditum, with strong posterior probability. Besides, the PCA analysis demonstrated some variability within the test populations. The distribution of S. hermaphroditum based on meta-analysis of the GenBank records showed its presence in the three Asian countries-India, Thailand and Indonesia. The Indian strain of S. hermaphroditum also tested positively for its virulence against three major pests, namely, Galleria mellonella, Helicoverpa armigera, and Spodoptera litura, with resultant which showed good efficacy on the mortalities. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, the economy of India is agriculture-based, but there are huge losses due to different insect pests infesting different crops. Steinernema hermaphroditum CS34 is an indigenous species to Indian subcontinent and efforts should be made to evaluate its virulence and pathogenicity against the other agricultural pests hampering productivity throughout the country. This may lead to incorporate S. hermaphroditum strain CS34 as a regular biological control agent against important lepidopteran pest in integrated pest management programs in the future.
INTRODUCTION: The entomopathogenic nematodes have been reported from all continents (except Antarctica) and almost all regions of the world. Surveys of EPNs in India has resulted in the recovery of several isolates of Steinernema. Among one of them, isolate CS34 was identified as S. hermaphroditum Stock, Griffin & Chaerani, 2004. We investigated the identification and the pathogenicity of S. hermaphroditum in District Meerut of Western Uttar Pradesh, India. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Steinernema was examined for its pathogenicity and accurate identification by the mean of morphological and molecular technique and its geographical distribution was mapped based on meta-analysis of the ITS GenBank records. RESULTS: The surveys of agricultural soils of district Meerut, India, resulted in the isolation of one strain from entomopathogenic nematode labelled CS34 through Galleria baiting technique. Morphological characters and morphometrical analysis indicated that the strain CS34 was closely related to the "glaseri" group of Steinernema spp. The Nblast results indicated that ITS rDNA sequence had no nucleotide differences in comparison with the S. hermaphroditum (JQ687355). However, one variation in the D2-D3 segment of 28S rDNA was observed in comparison with the AY598358. The phylogenetic analysis using ITS and 28S rDNA indicated that the Indian S. hermaphroditum could be placed together with other S. hermaphroditum, with strong posterior probability. Besides, the PCA analysis demonstrated some variability within the test populations. The distribution of S. hermaphroditum based on meta-analysis of the GenBank records showed its presence in the three Asian countries-India, Thailand and Indonesia. The Indian strain of S. hermaphroditum also tested positively for its virulence against three major pests, namely, Galleria mellonella, Helicoverpa armigera, and Spodoptera litura, with resultant which showed good efficacy on the mortalities. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, the economy of India is agriculture-based, but there are huge losses due to different insect pests infesting different crops. Steinernema hermaphroditum CS34 is an indigenous species to Indian subcontinent and efforts should be made to evaluate its virulence and pathogenicity against the other agricultural pests hampering productivity throughout the country. This may lead to incorporate S. hermaphroditum strain CS34 as a regular biological control agent against important lepidopteran pest in integrated pest management programs in the future.
Entities:
Keywords:
28S rDNA; Biocontrol; Entomopathogenic nematode; ITS rDNA; Phylogeny