M E Gerlofs-Nijland1, B G H Bokkers1, H Sachse2, J J E Reijnders3, M Gustafsson4, A J F Boere1, P F H Fokkens1, D L A C Leseman1, K Augsburg5, F R Cassee1. 1. a National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven , Netherlands. 2. b IDIADA Fahrzeugtechnik , Ingolstadt , Germany. 3. c Eindhoven University of Technology , Eindhoven , Netherlands. 4. d Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) , Linköping , Sweden. 5. e Technical University Ilmenau , Ilmenau , Germany.
Abstract
Objective: There is substantial evidence that exposure to airborne particulate matter (PM) from road traffic is associated with adverse health outcomes. Although it is often assumed to be caused by vehicle exhaust emissions such as soot, other components may also contribute to detrimental effects. The toxicity of fine PM (PM2.5; <2.5 µm mass median aerodynamic diameter) released from brake pads was compared to PM from other sources. Materials and methods: PM2.5 of different types of brake pads (low-metallic, semi-metallic, NAO and ECE-NAO hybrid), tires and road pavement, poultry as well as the combustion of diesel fuel and wood (modern and old-fashioned stove technologies) were collected as suspensions in water. These were subsequently aerosolized for inhalation exposures. Female BALB/cOlaHsd mice were exposed for 1.5, 3, or 6 hours by nose-only inhalation up to 9 mg/m3. Results: Neither cytotoxicity nor oxidative stress was observed after exposure to any of the re-aerosolized PM2.5 samples. Though, at similar PM mass concentrations the potency to induce inflammatory responses was strongly dependent on the emission source. Exposure to most examined PM2.5 sources provoked inflammation including those derived from the poultry farm, wear emissions of the NAO and ECE-NAO hybrid brake pads as well as diesel and wood combustion, as indicated by neutrophil chemoattractant, KC and MIP-2 and lung neutrophil influx. Discussion and conclusions: Our study revealed considerable variability in the toxic potency of brake wear particles. Understanding of sources that are most harmful to health can provide valuable information for risk management strategies and could help decision-makers to develop more targeted air pollution regulation.
Objective: There is substantial evidence that exposure to airborne particulate matter (PM) from road traffic is associated with adverse health outcomes. Although it is often assumed to be caused by vehicle exhaust emissions such as soot, other components may also contribute to detrimental effects. The toxicity of fine PM (PM2.5; <2.5 µm mass median aerodynamic diameter) released from brake pads was compared to PM from other sources. Materials and methods: PM2.5 of different types of brake pads (low-metallic, semi-metallic, NAO and ECE-NAO hybrid), tires and road pavement, poultry as well as the combustion of diesel fuel and wood (modern and old-fashioned stove technologies) were collected as suspensions in water. These were subsequently aerosolized for inhalation exposures. Female BALB/cOlaHsd mice were exposed for 1.5, 3, or 6 hours by nose-only inhalation up to 9 mg/m3. Results: Neither cytotoxicity nor oxidative stress was observed after exposure to any of the re-aerosolized PM2.5 samples. Though, at similar PM mass concentrations the potency to induce inflammatory responses was strongly dependent on the emission source. Exposure to most examined PM2.5 sources provoked inflammation including those derived from the poultry farm, wear emissions of the NAO and ECE-NAO hybrid brake pads as well as diesel and wood combustion, as indicated by neutrophil chemoattractant, KC and MIP-2 and lung neutrophil influx. Discussion and conclusions: Our study revealed considerable variability in the toxic potency of brake wear particles. Understanding of sources that are most harmful to health can provide valuable information for risk management strategies and could help decision-makers to develop more targeted air pollution regulation.
Authors: Julia C Fussell; Meredith Franklin; David C Green; Mats Gustafsson; Roy M Harrison; William Hicks; Frank J Kelly; Franceska Kishta; Mark R Miller; Ian S Mudway; Farzan Oroumiyeh; Liza Selley; Meng Wang; Yifang Zhu Journal: Environ Sci Technol Date: 2022-05-25 Impact factor: 11.357
Authors: Liza Selley; Ariana Lammers; Adrien Le Guennec; Milad Pirhadi; Constantinos Sioutas; Nicole Janssen; Anke H Maitland-van der Zee; Ian Mudway; Flemming Cassee Journal: Int J Hyg Environ Health Date: 2021-09-10 Impact factor: 5.840
Authors: Tuukka Ihantola; Sebastiano Di Bucchianico; Mikko Happo; Mika Ihalainen; Oskari Uski; Stefanie Bauer; Kari Kuuspalo; Olli Sippula; Jarkko Tissari; Sebastian Oeder; Anni Hartikainen; Teemu J Rönkkö; Maria-Viola Martikainen; Kati Huttunen; Petra Vartiainen; Heikki Suhonen; Miika Kortelainen; Heikki Lamberg; Ari Leskinen; Martin Sklorz; Bernhard Michalke; Marco Dilger; Carsten Weiss; Gunnar Dittmar; Johannes Beckers; Martin Irmler; Jeroen Buters; Joana Candeias; Hendryk Czech; Pasi Yli-Pirilä; Gülcin Abbaszade; Gert Jakobi; Jürgen Orasche; Jürgen Schnelle-Kreis; Tamara Kanashova; Erwin Karg; Thorsten Streibel; Johannes Passig; Henri Hakkarainen; Jorma Jokiniemi; Ralf Zimmermann; Maija-Riitta Hirvonen; Pasi I Jalava Journal: Part Fibre Toxicol Date: 2020-06-15 Impact factor: 9.400
Authors: M Viana; A Salmatonidis; S Bezantakos; C Ribalta; N Moreno; P Córdoba; F R Cassee; J Boere; S Fraga; J P Teixeira; M J Bessa; E Monfort Journal: Ann Work Expo Health Date: 2021-10-09 Impact factor: 2.179