Ahmed Jasim Twayej1, Hussein Kadhem Al-Hakeim2, Arafat Hussein Al-Dujaili3, Michael Maes4,5,6. 1. Pathological Analysis Department, College of Health and Medical Techniques, Al-Kafeel University, Najaf, Iraq. 2. Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Kufa, Kufa, Iraq. 3. Senior Clinical Psychiatrist at the Faculty of Medicine, University of Kufa, Kufa, Iraq. 4. Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. 5. Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. 6. School of Medicine, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
Abstract
Objectives: The aim of the present work is to examine the effects of treatment with sertraline with and without ketoprofen on serum levels of zinc and copper in association with immune-inflammatory biomarkers in drug-naïve major depressed patients. Methods: We measured serum zinc and copper, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-18, interferon-γ, and transforming growth factor-β1 in 40 controls and 133 depressed patients. The clinical efficacy of the treatment was measured using the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) at baseline and 8 weeks later. Results: We found significantly reduced serum zinc and copper in association with upregulation of all cytokines, indicating activation of the immune-inflammatory responses system (IRS) and the compensatory immune regulatory system (CIRS). Treatment with sertraline significantly increased zinc and decreased copper. During treatment, there was a significant inverse association between serum zinc and immune activation. The improvement in the BDI-II during treatment was significantly associated with increments in serum zinc coupled with attenuation of the IRS/CIRS.Conclusions: Lower zinc is a hallmark of depression, while increments in serum zinc and attenuation of the immune-inflammatory response during treatment appear to play a role in the clinical efficacy of sertraline.
Objectives: The aim of the present work is to examine the effects of treatment with sertraline with and without ketoprofen on serum levels of zinc and copper in association with immune-inflammatory biomarkers in drug-naïve major depressedpatients. Methods: We measured serum zinc and copper, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-18, interferon-γ, and transforming growth factor-β1 in 40 controls and 133 depressedpatients. The clinical efficacy of the treatment was measured using the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) at baseline and 8 weeks later. Results: We found significantly reduced serum zinc and copper in association with upregulation of all cytokines, indicating activation of the immune-inflammatory responses system (IRS) and the compensatory immune regulatory system (CIRS). Treatment with sertraline significantly increased zinc and decreased copper. During treatment, there was a significant inverse association between serum zinc and immune activation. The improvement in the BDI-II during treatment was significantly associated with increments in serum zinc coupled with attenuation of the IRS/CIRS.Conclusions: Lower zinc is a hallmark of depression, while increments in serum zinc and attenuation of the immune-inflammatory response during treatment appear to play a role in the clinical efficacy of sertraline.
Authors: Tatiana M Giro; Sergey V Kozlov; Ivan F Gorlov; Andrey V Kulikovskii; Anna V Giro; Marina I Slozhenkina; Dmiytiy V Nikolaev; Alireza Seidavi; Alexander A Mosolov Journal: Open Life Sci Date: 2022-03-17 Impact factor: 0.938