Downregulation of miR-144 by triptolide enhanced p85α-PTEN complex formation causing S phase arrest of human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells.

Selective pharmacologic targeting of cell cycle regulators is a potent anti-cancer therapeutic strategy. Here, we show that caspase-3-mediated p21 cleavage involves p53 independent of triptolide (TPL)-induced S phase arrest in human type 1 nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells. Coimmunoprecipitation studies demonstrated that TPL causes S phase cell cycle arrest by suppressing the formation of cyclin A-phosphor (p)-cyclin-dependent kinas 2 (CDK2) (Thr 39) complexes. Ectopic expression of constitutively active protein kinase B1 (Akt1) blocks the induction of S phase arrest and the suppression of cyclin A expression and CDK2 Thr 39 phosphorylation by TPL. Expression of the phosphomimetic mutant CDK2 (T39E) rescues the cells from TPL-induced S phase arrest, whereas phosphorylation-deficient CDK2 (T39A) expression regulates cell growth with significant S phase arrest and enhances TPL-triggered S phase arrest. Treatment with TPL induces an increase in the formation of complexes between unphosphorylated phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted from chromosome 10 (PTEN) and p85α in the plasma membrane. Decreased microRNA (miR)-144 expression and increased PTEN expression after TPL treatment were demonstrated, and TPL-enhanced p85α-PTEN complexes and inhibitory effects on Akt (Ser 473) phosphorylation and S phase arrest were suppressed by ectopic PTEN short hairpin RNA or miR-144 expression. Knockdown of endogenous miR-144 by miR-144 Trap upregulated PTEN expression and accordingly enhanced p85α-PTEN complex formation and S phase arrest. Collectively, the effect of TPL on S phase arrest in human NPC cells is likely to enhance the p85α-PTEN interaction in the plasma membrane by suppressing miR-144 expression, resulting in the attenuation of cyclin A-p-CDK2 (Thr 39) complex formation via Akt inactivation.