Clara Gómez-Donoso1,2,3, Almudena Sánchez-Villegas2,4, Miguel A Martínez-González1,2,3,5, Alfredo Gea1,2,3, Raquel de Deus Mendonça6, Francisca Lahortiga-Ramos3,7, Maira Bes-Rastrollo8,9,10. 1. Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain. 2. Ciber de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBER OBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. 3. Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain. 4. Nutrition Research Group, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain. 5. Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA. 6. Department of Nutrition, School of Nursing, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. 7. Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, University Clinic of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain. 8. Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain. mbes@unav.es. 9. Ciber de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBER OBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. mbes@unav.es. 10. Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain. mbes@unav.es.
Abstract
PURPOSE: A growing body of evidence shows that consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF) is associated with a higher risk of cardiometabolic diseases, which, in turn, have been linked to depression. This suggests that UPF might also be associated with depression, which is among the global leading causes of disability and disease. We prospectively evaluated the relationship between UPF consumption and the risk of depression in a Mediterranean cohort. METHODS: We included 14,907 Spanish university graduates [mean (SD) age: 36.7 year (11.7)] initially free of depression who were followed up for a median of 10.3 years. Consumption of UPF (industrial formulations made mostly or entirely from substances derived from foods and additives, with little, if any, intact food), as defined by the NOVA food classification system, was assessed at baseline through a validated semi-quantitative 136-item food-frequency questionnaire. Participants were classified as incident cases of depression if they reported a medical diagnosis of depression or the habitual use of antidepressant medication in at least one of the follow-up assessments conducted after the first 2 years of follow-up. Cox regression models were used to assess the relationship between UPF consumption and depression incidence. RESULTS: A total of 774 incident cases of depression were identified during follow-up. Participants in the highest quartile of UPF consumption had a higher risk of developing depression [HR (95% CI) 1.33 (1.07-1.64); p trend = 0.004] than those in the lowest quartile after adjusting for potential confounders. CONCLUSIONS: In a prospective cohort of Spanish university graduates, we found a positive association between UPF consumption and the risk of depression that was strongest among participants with low levels of physical activity.
PURPOSE: A growing body of evidence shows that consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF) is associated with a higher risk of cardiometabolic diseases, which, in turn, have been linked to depression. This suggests that UPF might also be associated with depression, which is among the global leading causes of disability and disease. We prospectively evaluated the relationship between UPF consumption and the risk of depression in a Mediterranean cohort. METHODS: We included 14,907 Spanish university graduates [mean (SD) age: 36.7 year (11.7)] initially free of depression who were followed up for a median of 10.3 years. Consumption of UPF (industrial formulations made mostly or entirely from substances derived from foods and additives, with little, if any, intact food), as defined by the NOVA food classification system, was assessed at baseline through a validated semi-quantitative 136-item food-frequency questionnaire. Participants were classified as incident cases of depression if they reported a medical diagnosis of depression or the habitual use of antidepressant medication in at least one of the follow-up assessments conducted after the first 2 years of follow-up. Cox regression models were used to assess the relationship between UPF consumption and depression incidence. RESULTS: A total of 774 incident cases of depression were identified during follow-up. Participants in the highest quartile of UPF consumption had a higher risk of developing depression [HR (95% CI) 1.33 (1.07-1.64); p trend = 0.004] than those in the lowest quartile after adjusting for potential confounders. CONCLUSIONS: In a prospective cohort of Spanish university graduates, we found a positive association between UPF consumption and the risk of depression that was strongest among participants with low levels of physical activity.
Entities:
Keywords:
Depression; Food processing; Prospective study; SUN cohort; Ultra-processed food
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