Critical role of autophagy regulator Beclin1 in endothelial cell inflammation and barrier disruption.

Recent studies have implicated autophagy in several inflammatory diseases involving aberrant endothelial cell (EC) responses, such as acute lung injury (ALI). However, the mechanistic basis for a role of autophagy in EC inflammation and permeability remain poorly understood. In this study, we impaired autophagy by silencing the essential Beclin1 autophagy gene in human pulmonary artery EC. This resulted in reduced expression of proinflammatory genes in response to thrombin, a procoagulant and proinflammatory mediator whose concentration is elevated in many diseases including sepsis and ALI. These (Beclin1-depleted) cells also displayed a marked decrease in NF-κB activity secondary to impaired DNA binding of RelA/p65 in the nucleus, but exhibited normal IκBα degradation in the cytosol. Further analysis showed that Beclin1 knockdown was associated with impaired RelA/p65 translocation to the nucleus. Additionally, Beclin1 knockdown attenuated thrombin-induced phosphorylation of RelA/p65 at Ser536, a critical event necessary for the transcriptional activity of RelA/p65. Beclin1 silencing also protected against thrombin-induced EC barrier disruption by preventing the loss of VE-cadherin at adherens junctions. Moreover, Beclin1 knockdown reduced thrombin-induced phosphorylation/inactivation of actin depolymerizing protein Cofilin1 and thereby actin stress fiber formation required for EC permeability as well as RelA/p65 nuclear translocation. Together, these data identify Beclin1 as a novel mechanistic link between autophagy and EC dysfunction (inflammation and permeability).