Kristina Bertl1, Michael H Bertl2, Klaus Gotfredsen3, Patrick Heimel4, Stefan Lettner5, Wolfgang Bertl6, Andreas Stavropoulos7. 1. Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Odontology, University of Malmö, Malmö, Sweden; Division of Oral Surgery, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. 2. Division of Orthodontics, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. 3. Department of Oral Rehabilitation, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. 4. Karl Donath Laboratory for Hard Tissue and Biomaterial Research, Division of Oral Surgery, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Clinical and Experimental Traumatology, Vienna, Austria. 5. Karl Donath Laboratory for Hard Tissue and Biomaterial Research, Division of Oral Surgery, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria. 6. Private practice, Liezen, Austria. 7. Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Odontology, University of Malmö, Malmö, Sweden; Division of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. Electronic address: andreas.stavropoulos@mau.se.
Abstract
PURPOSE: To assess the effect of the shooting angle variation on linear and planimetric measurements of the pink and white tissues on intraoral photographs. METHODS: From intraoral three-dimensional (3D) scans of the anterior region in 10 patients, ninety-nine two-dimensional (2D) "scan pictures" each were generated with different shooting angles, each varying in 5° horizontal and vertical increments. Eleven intraoral photographs of each patient and tooth site were taken free-hand: one shot at baseline and 5 shots after 3 and 6 months at slightly varying shooting angles. Papilla height (PH) and area (PA) and tooth crown area (TCA) were estimated on all photographs; the "best-match-to-baseline" photograph from those taken at 3 and 6 months was chosen by 6 evaluators. RESULTS: Within the first 10° of deviation from the baseline shooting angle, measurements on the 2D "scan pictures" distorted ≤0.5 mm for PH and ≤10% for PA and TCA. Compared to baseline, only 6 out of 100 photographs presented ≥0.5 mm difference in PH, none of the TCA measurements showed distortion ≥10%, and only in 4 instances a ≥10% distortion of the PA was observed. Poor to moderate inter- and intra-rater agreement in choosing the "best-match-to-baseline" photograph was found, but photographs with clinically relevant changes were only seldomly chosen. CONCLUSIONS: Deviations in the shooting angle ≤10° from the baseline shot cause clinically negligible distortions in linear and planimetric measurements. Highly comparable intraoral photographs of the anterior maxillary teeth can be captured "free-hand" in slightly varying perspective, and then selecting the "best-match-to-baseline".
PURPOSE: To assess the effect of the shooting angle variation on linear and planimetric measurements of the pink and white tissues on intraoral photographs. METHODS: From intraoral three-dimensional (3D) scans of the anterior region in 10 patients, ninety-nine two-dimensional (2D) "scan pictures" each were generated with different shooting angles, each varying in 5° horizontal and vertical increments. Eleven intraoral photographs of each patient and tooth site were taken free-hand: one shot at baseline and 5 shots after 3 and 6 months at slightly varying shooting angles. Papilla height (PH) and area (PA) and tooth crown area (TCA) were estimated on all photographs; the "best-match-to-baseline" photograph from those taken at 3 and 6 months was chosen by 6 evaluators. RESULTS: Within the first 10° of deviation from the baseline shooting angle, measurements on the 2D "scan pictures" distorted ≤0.5 mm for PH and ≤10% for PA and TCA. Compared to baseline, only 6 out of 100 photographs presented ≥0.5 mm difference in PH, none of the TCA measurements showed distortion ≥10%, and only in 4 instances a ≥10% distortion of the PA was observed. Poor to moderate inter- and intra-rater agreement in choosing the "best-match-to-baseline" photograph was found, but photographs with clinically relevant changes were only seldomly chosen. CONCLUSIONS: Deviations in the shooting angle ≤10° from the baseline shot cause clinically negligible distortions in linear and planimetric measurements. Highly comparable intraoral photographs of the anterior maxillary teeth can be captured "free-hand" in slightly varying perspective, and then selecting the "best-match-to-baseline".