Jacobus Donders1, Eunice Kim2. 1. Psychology Service,Mary Free Bed Rehabilitation Hospital,Grand Rapids,Michigan. 2. Department of Psychology,Calvin College,Grand Rapids,Michigan.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Traumatic brain injury can result in cognitive impairments in children. The objective of this retrospective study was to determine to what extent such outcomes are moderated by cognitive reserve, as indexed by parental education. METHODS: Sixty 6- to 16-year-old children completed the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fifth Edition (WISC-V) within 30-360 days after having sustained a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Their Full-Scale IQ and factor index scores were compared to those of demographically matched controls. In addition, regression analysis was used to investigate in the TBI group the influence of injury severity in addition to parental education on WISC-V factor index scores. RESULTS: Cognitive reserve moderated the effect of TBI on WISC-V Full Scale IQ, Verbal Comprehension, and Visual Spatial. In the TBI group, it also had a protective effect with regard to performance on the Verbal Comprehension, Visual Spatial, and Fluid Reasoning indices. At the same time, greater injury severity was predictive of lower Visual Spatial and Processing Speed index scores in the TBI group. CONCLUSIONS: Cognitive reserve as reflected in parental education has a moderating effect with regard to children's performance on the WISC-V after TBI, such that higher cognitive reserve is associated with greater preservation of acquired word knowledge and understanding of visual relationships. Measures that emphasize speed of processing remain affected by severity of TBI, even after accounting for the protective effect associated with cognitive reserve. (JINS, 2019, 25, 355-361).
OBJECTIVES:Traumatic brain injury can result in cognitive impairments in children. The objective of this retrospective study was to determine to what extent such outcomes are moderated by cognitive reserve, as indexed by parental education. METHODS: Sixty 6- to 16-year-old children completed the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fifth Edition (WISC-V) within 30-360 days after having sustained a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Their Full-Scale IQ and factor index scores were compared to those of demographically matched controls. In addition, regression analysis was used to investigate in the TBI group the influence of injury severity in addition to parental education on WISC-V factor index scores. RESULTS: Cognitive reserve moderated the effect of TBI on WISC-V Full Scale IQ, Verbal Comprehension, and Visual Spatial. In the TBI group, it also had a protective effect with regard to performance on the Verbal Comprehension, Visual Spatial, and Fluid Reasoning indices. At the same time, greater injury severity was predictive of lower Visual Spatial and Processing Speed index scores in the TBI group. CONCLUSIONS: Cognitive reserve as reflected in parental education has a moderating effect with regard to children's performance on the WISC-V after TBI, such that higher cognitive reserve is associated with greater preservation of acquired word knowledge and understanding of visual relationships. Measures that emphasize speed of processing remain affected by severity of TBI, even after accounting for the protective effect associated with cognitive reserve. (JINS, 2019, 25, 355-361).