Inverse kinematic analysis and trajectory planning of a modular upper limb rehabilitation exoskeleton.

BACKGROUND: Stroke is the most prevalent neurological disease and often leads to disability. Stroke can affect a person's daily life, for example, its typical feature is the decline in the patient's upper limbs. In order to reduce the sports injury of stroke patients, the best method is to carry out certain rehabilitation training.
OBJECTIVE: In this paper, inverse kinematic analysis and trajectory planning of a modular upper limb rehabilitation exoskeleton are proposed.
METHODS: The reverse coordinate system method is applied to solve inverse kinematics of the exoskeleton with a non-spherical joint in the wrist. For verifying the effectiveness of the algorithms, the smooth round-trip trajectory movement in joint place is designed and simulated.
RESULTS: The reverse coordinate system method can simplify the calculation process compared with the normal coordinate system. Smooth round-trip trajectory planning is simulated to generate a smooth trajectory curve.
CONCLUSIONS: The developed inverse kinematics algorithm and trajectory planning method are effective.

Introduction

Stroke is the most prevalent neurological disease and often leads to disability. Stroke can affect a person’s daily life, for example, its typical feature is the decline in the patient’s upper limbs [1]. In order to reduce the sports injury of stroke patients, the best method is to carry out certain rehabilitation training [2]. The conventional therapies are usually performed by professional medical therapists, which is labour-intensive and, therefore, expensive.

To overcome these shortcomings of manually assisted arm training, lots of upper limb exoskeleton systems were investigated and designed to help patients. A 5 degrees-of-freedom (DOF) upper limb exoskeleton was designed by Martinez and Retolaza [3]. Perry et al. [4] proposed an anthropomorphic 7-DOF active exoskeleton robot (EXO-7). Mao and Agrawal [5, 6] developed a cable driven 5-DOF exoskeleton robot (CAREX) based on three light weight cuffs. Nef et al. [7] designed a therapy exoskeleton (ARMin III) with an ergonomic shoulder actuation that is slightly complex.

The exoskeletons mentioned above are traditional serial structure, and they have enough workspace and easy control. However, compared with parallel mechanism, they have small stiffness, low precision and weak bearing capacity. Frankly speaking, the exoskeletons that have been developed now are mostly in series mechanism, but less in parallel mechanism. Klein et al. [8] developed a 4-DOF pneumatically-actuated parallel upper limb exoskeleton used for rehabilitation. Takaiwa and Noritsugu [9] used a pneumatic parallel robotic arm to design a wrist rehabilitation device. However, pneumatic actuators are less accurate though they need less maintenance.

To solve these limitations, based on human anatomy and biological principles, we designed a 6-DOF modular upper limb rehabilitation exoskeleton, which is driven by cable and with parallel actuated joints in this paper. We adopted new differential mechanisms design method which enhanced the compactness and ergonomics of the device are improved. The mechanical structure allows rehabilitation training of both left and right arm of the patients. Besides, it can achieve patients’ composite rehabilitation training which contains both a single joint and multi-joints.

In the control aspect of exoskeleton, a basic method is PID feedback control which usually doesn’t have accurate control results [10]. Some complex approaches, such as sliding mode control [11], fuzzy logic technique [12], impedance or admittance control [13, 14], have been used. Although the effect is better than PID, the algorithms are based on force model and implement difficultly. With the development of computer hardware system, electromyographic (EMG) [15], which can measure patients’ musculation to detect patients’ motion intention, is introduced in upper limb exoskeleton. But EMG method needs expensive measuring equipment. Inverse kinematics, which are usually used in the manipulators and can implement accurate position and trajectory planning, are extended in the exoskeleton [16, 17]. However, the inverse solutions above are only for series exoskeleton configuration. In this paper, reverse coordinate method, that is, inverse kinematics is obtained not directly though solving the inverse kinematics, is used to calculate the inverse kinematics of our parallel mechanical structure. In [18], teach-and-replay mode was tested to define reference trajectories. However, it would cost much time to record and extract the trajectory. This paper proposes a smooth trajectory planning method of two round-trip trajectory. The advantages of this method are giving a solution quickly and the flexibility of being able to redefine human trajectory.

Modular design of upper limb exoskeleton

Mechanical design

For purpose of imitating human movement, we designed a parallel actuated 6-DOF modular upper limb rehabilitation exoskeleton, as shown in Fig. 1. It contains three modules with the same principle and structure. Each joint exists as an independent module, which can achieve not only single-joint rehabilitation training but also multi-joint composite training. Each module including two motors can achieve two DOF of upper limb, and each DOF is achieved by the combined effect of these two motors.

Figure 1.

Upper limb rehabilitation exoskeleton.

Decoupling of joint angles

In order to determine the relationship between two motors and the degree of freedom of the joint in the module, the shoulder joint is used as an example for decoupling joint angles. The shoulder joint module achieves shoulder abduction/adduction and flexion/extension. Schematic diagram of its mechanism principle is shown in Fig. 2a.

Figure 2.

The shoulder joint of exoskeleton.

Point is the rotation center of the shoulder joint. The angular velocities of shoulder abduction/adduction and flexion/extension are represented by and , respectively. The radius and angular velocity of the wheel are and respectively. Transmission ratios from wheel 2 to wheel 5 and from wheel 1 to wheel 6 are and , respectively.

The upper arm is fixed to the wheel 7 and the wheel 8, so we can get the following equation.

The angular velocities of the upper limb relative to wheel 5 and wheel 6 are denoted with and , respectively. Then we can get the angular velocity of the shoulder joint though the following equation.

By means of projecting the Eq. (2) to direction and direction, we can get the angular velocity of abduction/adduction and the angular velocity of flexion/extension in shoulder joint.

In order to make the rehabilitation exoskeleton achieve the needs of high precision, miniaturization, and lightweight, the gear-driven transmission is replaced by cable-driven transmission as shown in Fig. 2b. As a pair of parallel wheels, the winding method of wire rope between wheel 2 and wheel 4 is similar to the number 8 shown as the pink line, which is also happened between wheel 1 and wheel 3. The driving mode between wheel 8 and wheel 6 or wheel 7 and wheel 5 is realized by a pair of wire ropes represented red line and green line.

Analysis of inverse kinematics

The reverse coordinate method

In order to analyze inverse kinematics, the parallel mechanical structure can be equivalent to a serial configuration. For a mechanism configuration where the three axes of the end intersect at one point, the inverse kinematic solutions are easily obtained directly. However, the exoskeleton we designed is the intersection of the two axes in the wrist joint. Considering that there is a spherical joint in the shoulder, the reverse coordinate method [19] is applied to complete the inverse kinematic solutions.

The typical method of establishing coordinate system is the Denavit-Hartenberg (referred to as DH) coordinate system [20] and the modified DH (M-DH) coordinate system. It’s the first step to establish DH coordinate system for exoskeleton model. Then, by inverting the shoulder joint and the wrist joint of original exoskeleton an inverted exoskeleton can be acquired. For this inverted exoskeleton the coordinate system established is the M-DH coordinate system. Therefore, this reverse coordinate method combines two coordinate systems cleverly, simplifying the process of inverse kinematic solutions of 6-DOF exoskeleton we designed.

The M-DH coordinate system of the inverted exoskeleton is shown in Fig. 3, and the specific parameters and values are listed in Table 1.

Figure 3.

The M-DH coordinate system.

Table 1

The M-DH parameters and values

Link i	θ_i	d_i	α_i-1	a_i-1
1	θ_1	0	0^∘	-l_3
2	θ_2	l_2	90^∘	0
3	θ_3	0	90^∘	0
4	θ_4	l_1	-90^∘	0
5	θ_5	0	-90^∘	0
6	θ_6	0	-90^∘	0

The transformation matrix of the original exoskeleton and the inverted exoskeleton are represented by and , respectively. Then the matrix and from the base coordinate system to the end effector can be obtained by the following two equations.

Since the relationship between the inverted exoskeleton and the original exoskeleton is converse we can get the following equation.

Matrix is reversible, since can be given as follow.

The joint angle of original exoskeleton is as follow by calculating the above four equations.

Therefore, the solutions of inverse kinematics of the original exoskeleton can be obtained by calculating the joint variables of the inverted exoskeleton robot.

Solutions of inverse kinematics

To find an inverse kinematic solution for a given end effector configuration, is known as follows:

Solutions of 1 and 3 joint

The left and right sides of the Eq. (9) are multiplied by simultaneously.

By solving the elements of the fourth column on both sides of Eq. (10), the angles of 1 and 3 joint can be given by

where .

Solution of 2 joint

By moving the to the left side of Eq. (10), the angle of 2 joint can be obtained by

where .

Solution of 4 joint

Then move to the left of the Eq. (10), we can get the following equation.

where * represents a meaningless element for solving 4 joint in the matrix.

Now, it needs to be further analyzed as hereunder mentioned:

If 0, the angle of 4 joint can be obtained directly based on some principle. If 0, the angle of 4 joint can be given by

where is the (, ) element of matrix .

Solutions of 5 and 6 joint

The left and right sides of the Eq. (14) are multiplied by simultaneously.

where * represents a meaningless element for solving 5 joint in the matrix.

The angles of 5 and 6 joint can be given by

where and represent and .

Based on the aforesaid calculation results the inverse kinematics solutions of the inverted exoskeleton are solved. Therefore, the inverse kinematics solutions of the original exoskeleton can be given according to Eq. (8).

Smooth trajectory planning

A new multi-cubic polynomial interpolation method by using the cubic polynomial interpolation principle is designed for two round-trip trajectory planning in joint place shown in Fig. 4. Position A to position E are the initial point, the middle points and the end point of the trajectory, respectively. The use of round-trip trajectory has enormous advantages in rehabilitation application, for example, the control ability of the motion trajectory can be improved by the accessibility of redefining polynomials and by the ability to reciprocate without interruption caused by a single trajectory.

Figure 4.

Two round-trip trajectory planning.

The form of the trajectory between every two positions is a third-order polynomial in time shown as Eq. (19). Therefore two round-trip trajectory planning consists of four cubic spline curves shown as Eq. (20), and the time of each spline curve is , , and , respectively.

where are constants; represents the joint of the exoskeleton (); represents the spline curves for each joint ().

Angular velocities and angular accelerations can be obtained from Eq. (19) as follow, respectively.

The four equations are obtained from the initial condition 0 at the start point and the terminal condition at the end point, respectively.

At the intermediate points B, C, and D, the angles, angular velocities, and angular accelerations of the trajectory are continuous, so we can get the following twelve equations.

where are the angles of the joint of the exoskeleton from point A to point E.

Then the twelve constants are substituted into Eqs (19) and (20) to obtain the smooth trajectory in angles, velocities and accelerations, respectively. Simulations are performed as below to verify the two round-trip trajectory planning reasonable. We set upper arm length 0.313, lower arm length 0.252, hand length 0.1 and 2. The joints start in a stationary position [0, 90, 90, 30, 90, 90] and rotates for 2 s to past the middle position [0.45, 0.1, 0.3] in Cartesian space with the same orientation as the initial position A. The joint angles at the point B can be computed by applying the reverse coordinate method from the section 3 and then [26.9561 148.1644 64.9799 66.428228.8434 82.2262]. Then we set and , that is, the trajectory returns to the initial point eventually. Trajectory curves in angle, velocity, acceleration and end effector are shown in Fig. 5, respectively.

Figure 5.

Trajectory curve in angle, velocity, acceleration and end effector respectively.

The curves of angles, velocities and accelerations of six joints and end effector are smooth from Fig. 5, which is beneficial to the rehabilitation of patients. Therefore, the proposed trajectory planning method is reasonable. When controlling the position of the exoskeleton, the velocity profile of the exoskeleton moving the desired position is equally or even more important than the accuracy of the final position. Then the exoskeleton should assist the upper limb of the subject to the desired position through a smooth trajectory during the patient’s rehabilitation training.

Discussion and conclusion

A new modular upper limb rehabilitation exoskeleton with parallel actuated joints is described in this paper. Each module represents one joint of human upper limb, which can achieve single-joint rehabilitation training and multi-joint complex training. It has the advantages of strong flexibility, compact structure, large working space and high precision. Then the reverse coordinate system method is applied to solve inverse kinematics of serial equivalence configuration of the exoskeleton. For the stability of the rehabilitation training process without saltation, smooth round-trip trajectory planning based on cubic polynomial interpolation method in joint space is simulated to generate a smooth trajectory curve, which meet the standards of upper limb movement characteristics. And the simulation results show that the developed inverse kinematics algorithm and trajectory planning method are effective. Future work will optimize structure and design a reasonable control system.