In-situ burning with chemical herders for Arctic oil spill response: Meta-analysis and review.

With increased oil exploration and marine activity in the warming Arctic, there is an increased risk of future oil spills in the Arctic region. In-situ burning (ISB), along with the use of chemical herders (to thicken the slick of spilled oil) has emerged as a potentially viable oil-spill response technique for various Arctic scenarios. The purpose of this research review is to document the field use, research, and analysis regarding the use of ISB to address an offshore oil spill response in the Arctic, with a specific focus on the use of chemical herders to aid ISB in Arctic waters. The compilation of this work involved a systematic review of available experimental data, studies on actual spill-response events, and resulting recommendations on this topic. Both peer-reviewed and available gray literature from the early 1970s through 2018 were evaluated. Selection criteria centered on herders for use with ISBs, Arctic conditions as they relate to ISB, and operational windows of opportunity and environmental risk for this type of oil spill response. From the available literature, more than a hundred articles are referenced herein, and annotated summaries provided. There is general agreement that ISB should be classified as a viable response option for the Arctic offshore to be implemented as part of a multi-layered approach (ASTM 2014; Fritt-Rasmussen et al. 2017; NRC 2014; Rolandsen 2018). In addition, there continue to be gaps noted concerning the availability of monitoring/surveillance personnel and equipment, and logistical/safety considerations for working in the Arctic, as well as specific information on the fate and potential impact of herders and burn residue on Arctic receptors (NRC 2014; Nuka 2016; US-DOI and USGS 2011). This review provides background information for researchers, responders, decision-makers, communities, and is a resource when developing and approving an oil spill response plan or planning future research which includes the use of ISB and herders.