Yan Ma1, Pei Wang1, Ting Zhou1, Zhijie Chen1,2, Zhenxin Gu1, Runqiang Yang1. 1. College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China. 2. College of Food Science and Technology, Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceutical Science College, Huaian, China.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The literature on the role of calcium ion (Ca2+ ) in relation to phenolic compounds metabolism and related enzymes activities remains controversial. It is still unclear whether Ca2+ affects phenolic compounds content of barley sprouts. This study investigated the role and function of Ca2+ in phenolic compound metabolism of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) sprouts under sodium chloride (NaCl) stress. RESULTS: Calcium chloride (CaCl2 ) significantly improved total calcium and calmodulin (CaM) contents as well as Ca2+ concentration, and enhanced phenolic compound accumulation by regulating the gene, protein expression and the activities of enzymes related to phenolics biosynthesis. Specifically, CaCl2 significantly increased the activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase (C4H), 4-coumarate coenzyme A ligase (4CL) and ferulic acid 5-hydroxylase (F5H) by up-regulating the corresponding protein expression. The activity of p-coumaric acid 3-hydroxylase (C3H) decreased during germination while caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (COMT) increased initially and then decreased, which was consistent with the changes in gene and protein expression under CaCl2 treatment. Conversely, lanthanum(III) chloride (LaCl3 ), ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA) and 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB) induced opposite effects. Decreased calcium and CaM contents and Ca2+ concentration were observed, and fluctuation change of relevant gene and protein expressions and PAL, C4H, 4CL, C3H, COMT and F5H activitives were also detected. CONCLUSION: Calcium ion played an important role for mediating NaCl stress-induced phenolics accumulation in barley sprouts. It required both Ca2+ influx and release from apoplast and intracellular stores, respectively.
BACKGROUND: The literature on the role of calcium ion (Ca2+ ) in relation to phenolic compounds metabolism and related enzymes activities remains controversial. It is still unclear whether Ca2+ affects phenolic compounds content of barley sprouts. This study investigated the role and function of Ca2+ in phenolic compound metabolism of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) sprouts under sodium chloride (NaCl) stress. RESULTS:Calcium chloride (CaCl2 ) significantly improved total calcium and calmodulin (CaM) contents as well as Ca2+ concentration, and enhanced phenolic compound accumulation by regulating the gene, protein expression and the activities of enzymes related to phenolics biosynthesis. Specifically, CaCl2 significantly increased the activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase (C4H), 4-coumarate coenzyme A ligase (4CL) and ferulic acid 5-hydroxylase (F5H) by up-regulating the corresponding protein expression. The activity of p-coumaric acid 3-hydroxylase (C3H) decreased during germination while caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (COMT) increased initially and then decreased, which was consistent with the changes in gene and protein expression under CaCl2 treatment. Conversely, lanthanum(III) chloride (LaCl3 ), ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA) and 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB) induced opposite effects. Decreased calcium and CaM contents and Ca2+ concentration were observed, and fluctuation change of relevant gene and protein expressions and PAL, C4H, 4CL, C3H, COMT and F5H activitives were also detected. CONCLUSION:Calcium ion played an important role for mediating NaCl stress-induced phenolics accumulation in barley sprouts. It required both Ca2+ influx and release from apoplast and intracellular stores, respectively.