| Literature DB >> 31000880 |
Benjamin Wolf1, Marco Krasselt2, Jonathan de Fallois3, Amrei von Braun4, Holger Stepan1.
Abstract
In recent years, the incidence of tuberculosis in pregnancy in the industrialised countries has increased. Tuberculosis in pregnancy is associated with an increased risk for the mother and child. Even if no figures are available for Germany, an increase in the number of tuberculosis cases among pregnant women can be assumed due to the migratory flows; current data from the USA, for example, also show an increasing incidence of tuberculosis in pregnant women in recent years. The physiological and immunological changes that occur during pregnancy are likely to have a negative impact on the course of the disease and may make it more difficult to confirm the diagnosis. There are no internationally standardised recommendations for diagnosing latent tuberculosis infections. When screening for TB is performed in specific risk populations, an Interferon-γ Release Assay (IGRA) should preferably be carried out according to the current study data. If corresponding symptoms are present and an IGRA test is positive, further diagnostics are indicated, also in pregnancy. If tuberculosis is confirmed, the fact that a woman is pregnant must not delay the initiation of anti-tuberculosis therapy, as an early start of therapy is associated with a more favourable outcome for both mother and child. The common first-line therapeutic drugs may also be used during pregnancy and are considered safe. The treatment of latent tuberculosis during pregnancy is disputed.Entities:
Keywords: epidemiology; immunological changes; infections; pregnancy; therapy; tuberculosis
Year: 2019 PMID: 31000880 PMCID: PMC6461468 DOI: 10.1055/a-0774-7924
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd ISSN: 0016-5751 Impact factor: 2.915
Fig. 1Immunological changes during pregnancy. CD: Cluster of differentiation, TH1: type 1 T-helper cells, TH2: type 2 T-helper cells.
Table 1 Recommended therapy for pulmonary tuberculosis (according to Schaberg et al. 31 ).
| Initial therapy | Maintenance therapy | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Duration (months) | Duration (months) | ||
| 1 not yet authorised in Germany | |||
|
| |||
| INH, RMP, PZA, ETB | 2 | INH, RMP | 4 |
| INH, RMP, EMB | 2 | INH, RMP | 7 |
|
| |||
| INH daily | 9 | – | – |
| RMP daily | 4 | – | – |
| INH and RMP daily | 3 – 4 | – | – |
| INH/Rifapentine weekly 1 | 3 | – | – |
Table 2 Dosage recommendations for standard therapy (from: Schaberg et al. 2016 31 ).
| Drug | Dose 1 (mg/kg body weight) | Dose range (mg/kg body weight) | Minimum/maximum dose (mg) | Standard dose (70 kg body weight) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
1
Note dose adjustments for increasing body weight during the course of treatment.
| ||||
| Isoniazid | 5 | 4 – 6 | 200/300 | 300 |
| Rifampicin | 10 | 8 – 12 3 | 450/600 | 600 |
| Pyrazinamide | 25 | 20 – 30 | 1500/2500 | 1750 |
| Ethambutol | 15 2 | 15 – 20 | 800/1600 | 1200 |
Table 3 Second-line therapy for the treatment of tuberculosis in pregnancy (from: Schaberg et al. 2016 31 ).
| Drug | Foetotoxicity | Teratogenicity |
|---|---|---|
| A: Animal study | ||
| Gatifloxacin | unlikely | unlikely |
| Levofloxacin | unlikely | unlikely |
| Moxifloxacin | unlikely | unlikely |
| Amikacin | ototoxicity | unclear |
| Capreomycin | ototoxicity | yes (A) |
| Streptomycin | ototoxicity | no |
| Clofazimine | reversible skin discolouration | no |
| Cycloserine | postpartum sideroblastic anaemia | no |
| Terizidone | unclear | unclear |
| Ethionamide/protionamide | delayed development | yes |
| Linezolid | unclear | no |
| Ethambutol | no | no |
| Pyrazinamide | rarely: jaundice | unclear |
| High-dose isoniazid | rarely: CNS damage, if pyridoxine supplementation is forgone | no |
| Bedaquilin | unclear | no |
| Delamanid | unclear | yes (A) |
| Para-aminosalicylic acid | postpartum diarrhoea | yes (first trimester) |
| Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid | rarely: necrotic enterocolitis post partum | no |
| Meropenem/imipenem | unclear | no |
Abb. 1Immunologische Veränderungen im Schwangerschaftsverlauf. CD: Cluster of Differentiation, TH1: T-Helferzellen Typ 1, TH2: T-Helferzellen Typ 2.
Tab. 1 Therapieempfehlungen für die Lungentuberkulose (in Anlehnung an Schaberg et al. 31 ).
| Initialtherapie | Erhaltungstherapie | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Dauer (Monate) | Dauer (Monate) | ||
| 1 in Deutschland noch nicht zugelassen | |||
|
| |||
| INH, RMP, PZA, ETB | 2 | INH, RMP | 4 |
| INH, RMP, EMB | 2 | INH, RMP | 7 |
|
| |||
| INH täglich | 9 | – | – |
| RMP täglich | 4 | – | – |
| INH und RMP täglich | 3 – 4 | – | – |
| INH/Rifapentin wöchentl. 1 | 3 | – | – |
Tab. 2 Dosierungsempfehlungen für die Standardtherapie (Aus: Schaberg et al. 2016 31 ).
| Medikament | Dosis 1 (mg/kg Körpergewicht) | Dosisbereich (mg/kg Körpergewicht) | minimale/maximale Dosis (mg) | Standarddosis (70 kg Körpergewicht) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
1
Dosisanpassung bei steigendem Körpergewicht im Behandlungsverlauf beachten.
| ||||
| Isoniazid | 5 | 4 – 6 | 200/300 | 300 |
| Rifampicin | 10 | 8 – 12 3 | 450/600 | 600 |
| Pyrazinamid | 25 | 20 – 30 | 1500/2500 | 1750 |
| Ethambutol | 15 2 | 15 – 20 | 800/1600 | 1200 |
Tab. 3 Zweitlinientherapie zur Behandlung der Tuberkulose in der Schwangerschaft (Aus: Schaberg et al. 2016 31 ).
| Medikament | Fetustoxizität | Teratogenität |
|---|---|---|
| T: Tierstudie | ||
| Gatifloxacin | unwahrscheinlich | unwahrscheinlich |
| Levofloxacin | unwahrscheinlich | unwahrscheinlich |
| Moxifloxacin | unwahrscheinlich | unwahrscheinlich |
| Amikacin | Ototoxizität | unklar |
| Capreomycin | Ototoxizität | ja (T) |
| Streptomycin | Ototoxizität | nein |
| Clofazimin | reversible Hautverfärbung | nein |
| Cycloserin | postpartale sideroblastische Anämie | nein |
| Terizidon | unklar | unklar |
| Ethionamid/Protionamid | Entwicklungsverzögerung | ja |
| Linezolid | unklar | nein |
| Ethambutol | nein | nein |
| Pyrazinamid | selten: Ikterus | unklar |
| hochdosiertes Isoniazid | selten: ZNS-Schäden, wenn auf eine Pyridoxin-Supplementation verzichtet wird | nein |
| Bedaquilin | unklar | nein |
| Delamanid | unklar | ja (T) |
| p-Aminosalicylsäure | postpartale Diarrhö | ja (1. Trimester) |
| Amoxicillin/Clavulansäure | selten: nekrotisierende Enterokolitis postpartal | nein |
| Meropenem/Imipenem | unklar | nein |