Adverse Outcomes Associated with Pre-Existing and New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

INTRODUCTION: Atrial fibrillation (AF) often occurs in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). It remains unclear whether pre-existing or new-onset AF confers different risk in patients with ACS.
METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study using Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database. Patients who were hospitalized with a primary diagnosis of ACS from 2005 to 2009 were studied. Major outcomes were mortality, heart failure, and combined ischemic stroke/systemic embolism (IS/SE). The date of the first ACS diagnosis was defined as the index date. Pre-existing AF was defined as AF occurring before the index date. New-onset AF was defined as AF that started after or at the same time as the ACS diagnosis.
RESULTS: Among 6663 patients with ACS, 488 (7.3%) had pre-existing AF and 479 (7.2%) had new-onset AF. Compared to patients with pre-existing AF, those with new-onset AF were younger, less likely to have co-morbidities, and more likely to receive evidence-based therapy. The un-adjusted risks of adverse outcomes in both groups were similar. Compared to pre-existing AF, new-onset AF was significantly associated with a higher adjusted risk of death (hazard ratio 1.27, 95% confidence interval 1.06-1.52) and IS/SE (hazard ratio 1.49, 95% confidence interval 1.01-2.20). The significant associations between new-onset AF and adverse outcomes were more likely to be observed in elderly patients with ACS.
CONCLUSIONS: New-onset AF during ACS was associated with a significantly increased risk of adverse outcomes, especially in the elderly patients.

Introduction

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a frequently observed arrhythmia in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) [1, 2]. AF can occur before the onset of ACS (pre-existing AF) or can be induced or exacerbated by increased sympathetic stimulation, ongoing myocardial ischemia or infarction, or worsening heart failure (HF) after ACS (new-onset AF) [3, 4]. In the setting of ACS, AF portends a worse prognosis compared to those in normal sinus rhythm [5-7]. However, it remains unclear whether new-onset and pre-existing AF confer different risks in patients with ACS [1, 4, 8–11]. Some studies showed that pre-existing AF portends higher mortality risks than new-onset AF in patients with ACS [1, 11]. However, other studies demonstrated that new-onset AF rather than pre-existing AF was independently associated with worse outcomes in patients with ACS [4, 8–10]. The aim of the present study was to analyze the prevalence, clinical features, and prognosis of different types of AF (pre-existing and new-onset AF) in patients who were hospitalized for the first time with a primary discharge diagnosis of ACS. In addition, we also evaluated the effects of age and sex on the risk of adverse outcomes associated with new-onset and pre-existing AF in patients with ACS.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cohort study using data from the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) released by the Taiwan National Health Research Institutes. We used a longitudinal dataset that contains all medical claim data and death registry for 2 million beneficiaries randomly sampled from 25.68 million patients enrolled in the universal National Health Insurance program in Taiwan. In the NHIRD, the identification numbers of the patients are encrypted to protect their privacy, but the encrypting procedure is consistent so that a linking of claims belonging to the same patient is feasible and can be followed longitudinally. Patients who were hospitalized for the first time with a primary discharge diagnosis of ACS from 2005 to 2009 were recruited. To restrict the analysis to patients with a first ACS event, we retrospectively searched claims back to 2000 to exclude patients who had a previous admission diagnosis of ACS. The date of the first ACS diagnosis was defined as the index date. Patients with an ACS diagnosis before the index date of ACS (n = 499) were excluded from the study. Patients younger than 18 years (n = 2) and cases lacking follow-up data after the index date (n = 103) were also excluded. ACS cases were identified using the diagnostic codes 410 and 411 of the ICD-9 and AF from the code 427.31. Pre-existing AF was defined as diagnosed AF occurring before ACS diagnosis. New-onset AF was defined as diagnosed AF occurring after or at the same time as ACS diagnosis. Diagnosis of AF was defined when it was a discharge diagnosis or was confirmed on at least two occasions in the outpatient department. The accuracy of AF diagnosis with this definition in Taiwan NHIRD has been validated in previous studies [12, 13].

Compliance with Ethics Guidelines

This study is based on de-identified data collected from a healthcare claims database and does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors, therefore informed consent was not obtained. The study conformed to the principles of the Helsinki Declaration and the institutional review board of Chang Gung University approved the study protocol.

Outcome Measures

Adverse outcomes were mortality, HF, and ischemic stroke/systemic embolism (IS/SE); all were identified using hospital discharge diagnoses. HF was identified from codes 398.91, 422, 425, and 428; IS/SE was identified from codes 433–438, and 444. For each outcome analysis, we retrospectively searched claims back to 2000 to exclude patients who had a previous admission diagnosis of the same outcome. A flowchart demonstrating patient recruitment for the study is shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

Flow chart indicating the process of patient selection for the study. Pre-existing AF occurred before the diagnosis of ACS and new-onset AF occurred after or at the same time of ACS diagnosis. ACS acute coronary syndrome, AF atrial fibrillation, NHIRD the National Health Insurance Research Database

Statistical Analysis

Categorical variables are presented as frequencies and percentages. Chi-square or Fisher’s exact tests were used to compare groups. Continuous variables are presented as mean ± standard deviation, and an analysis of variance was used to determine differences among groups. The risk of adverse outcomes including mortality, HF, and IS/SE was assessed using the Cox regression analysis with time-dependent covariates for new-onset and pre-existing AF exposures. The event-free survival curves were plotted by the adjusted survival estimate. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05 and all analyses were carried out using SAS 9.4.

Results

Patient Characteristics

We identified 6663 patients newly diagnosed with ACS during the study period. The mean age of patients was 66.6 years, 67.8% were men, 40.2% had diabetes mellitus, and 11.2% had a history of HF. New-onset AF was experienced by 479 (7.2%) patients and 488 patients had pre-existing AF (7.3%). The remaining 5696 (85.5%) patients did not have AF (no AF group). The baseline characteristics of the three groups are shown in Table 1. Compared to the no AF patients, those with pre-existing or new-onset AF were older, more likely to be women, to have history of hypertension, chronic pulmonary disease, and HF, and less likely to receive coronary revascularization and statin treatments. Compared to the patients with pre-existing AF, those with new-onset AF were less likely to have history of hypertension, hyperthyroidism, chronic kidney disease, chronic pulmonary disease, HF, ischemic stroke, and coronary revascularization. Those with new-onset AF were also more likely to receive coronary revascularization, anti-platelet, statin, and beta-blocker therapies than patients with pre-existing AF.

Table 1

Baseline characteristics of the study population

	All (n = 6663)	No AF (n = 5696)	Pre-existing AF (n = 488)	New-onset AF (n = 479)
Age (year)	66.6 ± 13.6	65.4 ± 13.6	74.8 ± 10.9a	72.3 ± 11.7a,b
Male	4520 (67.8)	3947 (69.3)	284 (58.2)a	289 (60.3)a
Diabetes mellitus	2681 (40.2)	2269 (39.8)	213 (43.6)	199 (41.5)
Hypertension	4779 (71.7)	3957 (69.5)	439 (90.0)a	383 (80.0)a,b
Dyslipidemia	2790 (41.9)	2389 (41.9)	210 (43)	191 (39.0)
Hyperthyroidism	103 (1.6)	69 (1.2)	27 (5.5)a	7 (1.5)b
Chronic kidney disease	705 (10.6)	568 (10.0)	81 (16.6)a	56 (11.7)b
Chronic pulmonary disease	2349 (35.3)	1883 (33.1)	269 (55.1)a	197 (41.1)a,b
History of heart failure	749 (11.2)	493 (8.7)	192 (39.3)a	64 (13.4)a,b
History of ischemic stroke	708 (10.6)	537 (9.4)	116 (23.8)a	55 (11.5)b
History of coronary revascularization	511 (7.7)	418 (7.3)	62 (12.7)a	31 (6.5)b
PCI	3498 (52.5)	3108 (54.6)	167 (34.2)a	223 (46.6)a,b
CABG	542 (8.1)	475 (8.3)	20 (4.1)a	47 (9.8)a,b
Mechanical heart valve	41 (0.6)	25 (0.4)	9 (1.8)a	7 (1.5)a
Aspirin	6232 (93.5)	5322 (93.4)	444 (91.0)a	466 (97.3)a,b
Clopidogrel	5458 (81.9)	4711 (82.7)	355 (72.8)a	392 (81.8)b
Ticlopidine	609 (9.1)	488 (8.6)	51 (10.5)	70 (14.6)a,b
Statins	4361 (65.5)	3842 (67.5)	229 (46.9)a	290 (60.5)a,b
Beta-blockers	5198 (78.0)	4454 (78.2)	352 (72.1)a	392 (81.8)b
ACEI/ARBs	5479 (82.2)	4673 (82.0)	387 (79.3)	419 (87.5)a,b
Dual anti-platelets	4895 (74.8)	4330 (76)	297 (60.9)a	358 (74.7)b
Warfarin	480 (7.2)	273 (4.8)	111 (22.8)a	96 (20.0)a
CHA2DS2VASc score 0–1	934 (14)	897 (15.8)	6 (1.2)a	31 (6.5)a,b
CHA2DS2VASc score 2–4	3379 (50.7)	2986 (52.4)	170 (34.8)a	223 (46.6)b
CHA2DS2VASc score 5–9	2350 (35.3)	1813 (31.8)	312 (63.9)a	225 (47)a,b

Data are shown as number (%) or mean ± standard deviation

AF atrial fibrillation, PCI percutaneous coronary intervention, CABG coronary artery bypass surgery, ACEI angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB angiotensin receptor blocker

aStatistically significant differences between no AF and AF (either pre-existing or new-onset AF)

bStatistically significant differences between new-onset AF and pre-existing AF

Compared to the no AF patients, patients with pre-existing or new-onset AF had a greater likelihood of death, HF, and IS/SE (Table 2). Although patients with new-onset AF had more favorable clinical features than those with pre-existing AF, the un-adjusted risks of death, HF, and IS/SE in patients with new-onset and pre-existing AF were similar (Table 2). After adjusting for confounding variables (listed in Table 2), new-onset AF was significantly associated with higher risks of death [hazard ratio (HR) 1.51, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.31–1.74], HF (HR 1.72, 95% CI 1.30–2.27), and IS/SE (HR 1.68, 95% CI 1.26–2.23) compared to the no AF group. Pre-existing AF was associated with significantly higher risks of death (HR 1.19, 95% CI 1.04–1.36) and HF (HR 1.57, 95% CI 1.19–2.07), but not significant difference in the risk of IS/SE (HR 1.12, 95% CI 0.82–1.53) than the no AF group. Compared to pre-existing AF, new-onset AF was significantly associated with a higher adjusted risk of death (HR 1.27, 95% CI 1.06–1.52), or IS/SE (HR 1.49, 95% CI 1.01–2.20), but no difference in the risk of HF (HR 1.09, 95% CI 0.75–1.59). Figure 2 shows the adjusted event-free survival curves for death, HF, and IS/SE after ACS.

Table 2

Incidences of adverse outcomes and proportional hazard values from the Cox regression models

	Events/person-year (%)	Non-adjusted model	Adjusted model 1	Adjusted model 2
		Hazard ratio (95% CI)	Hazard ratio (95% CI)	Hazard ratio (95% CI)
Deatha
No AF	9.80	1 (reference)	1 (reference)
Pre-existing AF	22.63	2.12 (1.87–2.41)	1.19 (1.04–1.36)	1 (reference)
New-onset AF	18.52	2.17 (1.88–2.50)	1.51 (1.31–1.74)	1.27 (1.06–1.52)
Heart failureb
No AF	4.15	1 (reference)	1 (reference)
Pre-existing AF	10.99	2.39 (1.83–3.13)	1.57 (1.19–2.07)	1 (reference)
New-onset AF	8.45	2.21 (1.68–2.91)	1.72 (1.30–2.27)	1.09 (0.75–1.59)
Ischemic stroke/systemic embolismc
No AF	3.00	1 (reference)	1 (reference)
Pre-existing AF	6.34	2.01 (1.50–2.68)	1.12 (0.82–1.53)	1 (reference)
New-onset AF	5.04	2.33 (1.76–3.08)	1.68 (1.26–2.23)	1.49 (1.01–2.20)

AF atrial fibrillation, CI confidence interval

aAdjusted for age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, chronic kidney disease, chronic pulmonary disease, ischemic stroke, coronary artery bypass surgery, percutaneous coronary revascularization, mechanical heart valve, without warfarin use, major bleeding, and statin use

bAdjusted for age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, chronic kidney disease, chronic pulmonary disease, ischemic stroke, coronary artery bypass surgery, percutaneous coronary intervention, mechanical heart valve, statin use, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker use, and beta-blocker use

cAdjusted for age, sex, heart failure, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, mechanical heart valve, without warfarin use, and statin use

Fig. 2

Adjusted event-free survival curves for a death, b heart failure, c ischemic stroke/systemic embolism. ACS acute coronary syndrome, AF atrial fibrillation

Data were divided into subgroups according to sex and age (Table 3). New-onset AF, rather than pre-existing AF, was associated with a higher adjusted risk of death or IS/SE than no AF groups of men and women (Table 3). The associations between new-onset AF and adverse outcomes were consistently observed in elderly patients (≥ 65 years), but less often in younger patients (< 65 years). An interaction was detected between AF type and age with respect to the death outcome. In patients with age < 65 y/o, the increased mortality risk was observed in patients with pre-existing AF (HR 1.89, 95% CI 1.29–2.77) but not in patients with new-onset AF (HR 1.35; 95% CI 0.85–2.17). Compared to younger patients with ACS, elderly ACS patients were more likely to have a history of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, chronic pulmonary disease, HF, and ischemic stroke (Table 4). They were also less likely to receive percutaneous coronary intervention, anti-platelet, statin, and beta-blocker therapies.

Table 3

Results of regressions between adverse outcomes and different AF types for subgroups of sex and age

Subgroups	Death	Heart failure	Ischemic stroke/systemic embolism
	HR (95% CI)	HR (95% CI)	HR (95% CI)
Male
No AF	1 (reference)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)
Pre-existing AF	1.17 (0.99–1.40)	1.25 (0.85–1.84)	1.25 (0.83–1.87)
New-onset AF	1.53 (1.27–1.85)	1.49 (1.01–2.20)	1.63 (1.09–2.43)
Female
No AF	1 (reference)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)
Pre-existing AF	1.22 (0.99–1.49)	1.90 (1.28–2.84)	0.99 (0.61–1.61)
New-onset AF	1.50 (1.20–1.87)	2.02 (1.34–3.02)	1.69 (1.12–2.55)
p values for interaction	0.856	0.305	0.628
Age < 65 y/o
No AF	1 (reference)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)
Pre-existing AF	1.89 (1.29–2.77)	2.26 (1.14–4.48)	1.16 (0.46–2.88)
New-onset AF	1.35 (0.85–2.17)	1.77 (0.90–3.49)	1.61 (0.77–3.37)
Age ≥ 65 y/o
No AF	1 (reference)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)
Pre-existing AF	1.14 (0.99–1.31)	1.46 (1.08–1.98)	1.15 (0.82–1.60)
New-onset AF	1.49 (1.28–1.74)	1.58 (1.16–2.15)	1.65 (1.20–2.26)
p values for interaction	0.005	0.772	0.987

AF atrial fibrillation, CI confidence interval, HR hazard ratio

Table 4

Baseline characteristics divided by age group

Variables	Age < 65 y/o (n = 2879)	Age ≥ 65 y/o (n = 3784)	p value
Age (years)	53.4 ± 8.0	76.6 ± 6.9	< 0.001
Male	2315 (80.4)	2205 (58.3)	< 0.001
Diabetes mellitus	948 (32.9)	1733 (45.8)	< 0.001
Hypertension	1589 (55.2)	3190 (84.3)	< 0.001
Dyslipidemia	1117 (38.8)	1673 (44.2)	< 0.001
Hyperthyroidism	48 (1.7)	55 (1.5)	0.548
Chronic kidney disease	206 (7.2)	499 (13.2)	< 0.001
Chronic pulmonary disease	581 (20.2)	1768 (46.7)	< 0.001
History of heart failure	156 (5.4)	593 (15.7)	< 0.001
History of ischemic stroke	153 (5.3)	555 (14.7)	< 0.001
History of coronary revascularization	175 (6.1)	336 (8.9)	< 0.001
PCI	1760 (61.1)	1738 (45.9)	< 0.001
CABG	239 (8.3)	303 (8.0)	0.664
Mechanical heart valve	17 (0.6)	24 (0.6)	< 0.001
Aspirin	2750 (95.5)	3482 (92.0)	< 0.001
Clopidogrel	2423 (84.2)	3035 (80.2)	< 0.001
Ticlopidine	198 (6.9)	411 (10.9)	< 0.001
Statins	2207 (76.7)	2154 (56.9)	< 0.001
Beta-blockers	2449 (85.1)	2749 (72.7)	< 0.001
ACEI/ARBs	2397 (83.3)	3082 (81.5)	0.056
Dual anti-platelets	2284 (79.3)	2701 (71.4)	< 0.001
Warfarin	173 (6.0)	307 (8.1)	< 0.001
CHA2DS2VASc 0–1	934 (32.4)	0 (0)	< 0.001
CHA2DS2VASc 2–4	1752 (60.9)	1627 (43)	< 0.001
CHA2DS2VASc 5–9	193 (6.7)	2157 (57)	< 0.001

Data were presented as mean ± SD or no. (%)

ACEI angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, ARBs angiotensin receptor blockers, CABG coronary artery bypass surgery, PCI percutaneous coronary intervention

Discussion

In this study, we showed that, of patients who were hospitalized with a primary diagnosis of ACS for the first time, 7.3% had pre-existing AF and 7.2% had new-onset AF. Although patients with new-onset AF had more favorable baseline characteristics than those with pre-existing AF, the unadjusted risks of adverse outcomes were similar for both groups. After adjusting for confounding variables, new-onset AF confers a higher adjusted risk for death or IS/SE than pre-existing AF. New-onset AF was significantly associated with a higher adjusted risk of adverse outcomes in both men and women. The significant associations between new-onset AF and adverse outcomes were more likely to be observed in elderly than younger patients with ACS.

The prevalence rates of pre-existing and new-onset AF in ACS patients differ among prior studies and range from 3.3 to 11.4% and 4.0 to 10.2%, respectively [1, 5, 11, 14, 15]. In a prospective study of 2335 Sweden patients with ACS enrolled between 1995 and 2001, 442 of them had AF (18.9%; pre-existing AF 8.7%, new-onset AF 10.2%) [16]. In contrast, the prevalence of AF was much lower in the ARIAM registry [14]. Of the 39,237 ACS patients enrolled between 2001 and 2011, only 7.3% had AF (pre-existing AF 3.3%, new-onset AF 4.0%) [14]. In our study, the prevalence rates of pre-existing and new-onset AF fall within the range of AF prevalence in prior ACS studies and were similar to that in the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events Study (GRACE) during the years 2000–2007 (pre-existing AF 7.6%, new-onset AF 5.3%) [1].

AF leads to numerous unfavorable hemodynamic effects, such as loss of atrial contraction, rapid and irregular ventricular response, and loss of atrio-ventricular synchrony [17]. All of these factors lead to a decrease in cardiac output and an increase in left ventricular filling pressure [17]. Patients with pre-existing AF generally have greater cardiovascular disease burden and more co-morbidities than those without AF owing to AF being present for longer [18, 19]. In contrast, patients with new-onset AF were relatively younger and had fewer co-morbidities than patients with pre-existing AF [4, 15]. Prior studies have shown that ACS patients with new-onset AF were more likely to have higher peak creatine kinase levels, worse Killip class, higher heart rate, and more frequent reduced left ventricular ejection fraction than those with pre-existing AF [8, 20]. These unfavorable factors indirectly reflect more severe coronary artery disease and poorer myocardial function, which may explain the higher adjusted risk of mortality in ACS patients with new-onset AF than in those with pre-existing AF.

Results from previous studies evaluating the prognostic significance of pre-existing and new-onset AF in patients with ACS are conflicting [8–11, 18, 21]. In a prospective multicenter study of 3393 patients with ACS, pre-existing AF was associated with a significantly higher risk of mortality (HR 1.4, 95% CI 1.01–1.99) than no AF, while new-onset AF was not [11]. Similar findings were observed in two other studies [18, 21]. However, a greater number of studies have reported new-onset AF rather than pre-existing AF results in a higher risk of mortality or adverse outcomes in patients with ACS [4, 8–10]. For example, in a study of 6705 patients with ACS, the unadjusted in-hospital mortality risk was significantly higher in patients with pre-existing or new-onset AF than those without AF [9]. After adjusting for significant baseline variables, only the new-onset AF was associated with an increased risk of mortality [9]. Similarly in our unadjusted analyses, pre-existing and new-onset AF were both associated with a more than twofold increased risk of mortality or IS/SE. The increased risk of death or IS/SE associated with pre-existing AF was attenuated after multivariable adjustment. New-onset AF was independently associated with a higher risk of mortality or IS/SE than pre-existing AF.

In the present study, we have found stronger associations between new-onset AF and adverse outcomes in the older patients than in the younger patients. There are several potential explanations for this finding. Greater left ventricular thickness, higher left ventricular filling pressure, and more depressed left ventricular function were more likely to occur in older patients than younger patients due to aging and a greater prevalence of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease [22, 23]. Compared to the younger patients, the morphological and functional characteristics of the heart in the older patients makes the elderly ACS patients more vulnerable to the unfavorable hemodynamic effects associated with new-onset AF [24]. In addition, ACS patients with AF may also be predisposed to ventricular arrhythmia and stroke [1, 25]. The underuse of beta-blockers and coronary revascularization in the older patients may amplify the unfavorable hemodynamic effects associated with new-onset AF in patients with ACS [26, 27].

The clinical implications of our findings are that ACS patients with AF, especially the elderly patients with new-onset AF, should receive more attention in terms of prevention of adverse outcomes than those without AF. Similar to previous studies, age-related inequalities in ACS treatments are also recognized in this study. There remains a substantial opportunity to improve ACS outcomes especially in high-risk patients. An aggressive approach to ACS and AF management, including selective elective strategy, optimal use of P2Y12 inhibitor and non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant, or timely rhythm conversion is justified and should be balanced with the risk associated with aging and co-morbidity [28-30]. There is a growing need for randomized controlled trial data to be more representative of the elderly patients or patients with multiple co-morbidities. Careful selection of these high-risk patients for specific therapies and medication regimens may ultimately lead to better care of patients with these characteristics.

Study Limitations

We acknowledge some limitations to our study. Using diagnostic codes for less consistently reported outcomes such as HF and IS/SE can be significantly affected by the observation bias. We defined pre-existing AF as the AF that occurred before the index date of ACS. However, it is possible that patients with pre-existing AF could be falsely labeled as new-onset AF if patients had AF on the electrocardiogram but no prior AF diagnosis before the ACS event. In this retrospective cohort study of ACS patients, only 20–30% of patients with AF received oral anticoagulant therapy. The low usage of oral anticoagulants for patients with AF was probably related to an absence of guidelines for treating non-valvular AF during the study period and the bleeding concern associated with triple therapy. In the present study, 60.9% and 74.7% of patients with pre-existing and new-onset AF were receiving dual-antiplatelet therapy. The circumstances have changed gradually in recent years. Compared to the years 2005–2009, oral anticoagulant, especially the non-vitamin-K antagonist oral anticoagulant, is more commonly used for non-valvular AF in recent years. Based on our results, ACS patients who develop new-onset AF is at high risk of long-term death and IS/SE especially in patients with age ≥ 65 years. It is imperative to develop strategies to prevent AF onset and guidelines for initial aggressive treatment of new-onset AF in patients with ACS.

Conclusions

The un-adjusted risk of adverse outcomes in ACS patients with new-onset AF was similar to the risk of adverse outcomes in patients with pre-existing AF, even though patients with new-onset AF displayed more favorable baseline characteristics. After adjusting for confounding variables, the presence of AF in patients with ACS, especially elderly patients with new-onset AF, was significantly associated with a higher risk of adverse outcomes than patients without AF.