Abnormal cleavage and developmental arrest of human preimplantation embryos in vitro.

Despite improvements in culture conditions and laboratory techniques still only about 50% of human embryos reach the blastocyst stage of development in vitro. While many factors influence embryo development, aberrant cleavage divisions have only recently been shown to directly affect the genome in individual cells of human embryos resulting in chromosome loss, mosaicism and cell arrest. In this article we review the current literature in the area of aberrant cleavage in human embryos and its effect on blastocyst development. Further to this, we propose a series of common abnormal cleavage events, with particular attention to timing and frequency, and illustrate how these might influence a number of different embryo fates.