Imitation of nature: Bionic design in the study of particle adjuvants.

Vaccine adjuvants play an increasingly important role in the development of modern vaccines. Among of them, particle adjuvants have received wide attention due to their unique properties. In order to develop effective particle adjuvants, mimicking natural pathogens is one of the important strategies. By adopting different materials, preparation methods and design ideas, the researchers obtained various particle adjuvants that mimic the shape, surface properties and action mechanisms of natural pathogens. This mini-review outlines some selected relevant recent literatures, discusses several bionic design strategies of particle adjuvants and some important barriers to further study are described.