Stem cells and tooth regeneration: prospects for personalized dentistry.

Over the last several decades, a wealth of information has become available regarding various sources of stem cells and their potential use for regenerative purposes. Given the intense debate regarding embryonic stem cells, much of the focus has centered around application of adult stem cells for regenerative engineering along with other relevant aspects including use of growth factors and scaffolding materials. The more recent discovery of tooth-derived stem cells has sparked much interest in their application to regenerative dentistry to treat and alleviate the most prevalent oral diseases-i.e., dental caries and periodontal diseases. Also exciting is the advent of induced pluripotent stem cells, which provides the means of using patient-derived somatic cells for their creation, and their eventual application for generation of the dental complex. Thus, evolving developments in the field of regenerative dentistry indicate the prospect of constructing "custom-made" tooth and supporting structures thereby fostering the realization of "personalized dentistry." On the other hand, others have explored the possibility of augmenting endogenous regenerative capacity through utilization of small molecules to regulate molecular signaling mechanisms that mediate regeneration of tooth structure. This review is focused on these aspects of regenerative dentistry in view of their relevance to personalized dentistry.