Right anatomical hepatectomy: pioneers, evolution, and the future.

To identify the pioneers of right anatomical hepatectomy (RAH), and clarify the development of associated operative procedures, concepts, and the future, we reviewed the "hidden" literature published in Eastern and Western countries since the 1940s. We searched the English and non-English literature on RAH through web search engines, text books and documents, and also referred to experts' comments. Non-English literature, other than in Japanese, was translated. Changes in the anatomical concept, anatomical identification, vascular control technique, approaches, pre-operative management, and other aspects of RAH were analyzed. Honjo and Lortat-Jacob, in 1949 and 1951, respectively, reported the first cases of successful RAH; since then, RAH has been used in the treatment of liver malignancies worldwide. Vascular in-flow control is divided into intrafascial, extrafascial or transfissual access. The anatomical border along the main hepatic veins was proposed for transection, and anterior approaches have been suggested as alternative options in the hazardous situation of right liver rotation. In the laparoscopic era, several procedures and positions have been devised for RAH. In summary, RAH and related anatomical hepatectomy have been established as treatment methods for 70 years, and the future of RAH includes new concepts, approaches, and techniques to optimize patient safety and disease curability.