Molecular basis for two different affinity states of the interleukin 2 receptor: affinity conversion model.

Two affinity species of the interleukin 2 (IL-2) receptor are different states of a single receptor molecule. We assumed that a binary complex between the IL-2 receptor and another lymphocyte-specific protein would constitute the high-affinity receptor. To test this assumption, we counted the numbers of IL-2 receptors with high and low affinity in a murine T-cell line CT/hR-1 that expresses not only murine but also human receptors by cDNA transfection. We found that human high-affinity receptors disappeared when the murine high-affinity receptors were already occupied by the ligand. The results were incompatible with a fixed number of human and murine receptors with high affinity in CT/hR-1 cells. We suggest that the high-affinity state of the IL-2 receptor is a ternary complex of IL-2, the IL-2 receptor, and a postulated "converter" protein, which is fewer in number than the receptors. The converter would be unable to form a complex with the IL-2 receptor unless IL-2 was already bound to it. The ligand binding to the receptor would cause a conformational change in the receptor, increasing its affinity to the converter. Ternary complex formation would, in turn, change the apparent affinity of the receptor to the ligand from low to high by reduction of the dissociation constant.