Family planning, Islam and sin: Understandings of moral actions in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

Pakistan, with a population of over 207 million, is the sixth most populous country in the world. Yet, only 25% of eligible couples' report using a modern contraceptive method. A large body of literature indicates the existence of a widely-held perception among Pakistanis that family planning use is a sin, which is then often cited as evidence that Islamic beliefs impede contraceptive use (see Agha, 2010; Ali and Ushijima, 2005; Azmat, 2011; Zafar et al., 2003). We argue that this body of literature, which has relied primarily on quantitative measures and survey methodology, is highly reductive. Missing from this discourse is a nuanced analysis of how individuals engage with their Islamic beliefs to make fertility decisions. Drawing on 13 months of ethnographic data, our findings demonstrate that despite most of our respondents overwhelmingly believing that family planning use was a sin, many had, at some stage, tried to control their fertility. Our findings evidenced that respondents' beliefs surrounding the morality of fertility control was informed by multiple moral registers beyond Islam. For our respondents, moral action was informed by interpretations of Islamic teachings, economic insecurity, socioeconomic inequities, community/public discourse, and geopolitics. We argue there is a need to complicate our understanding of how Islam shapes reproductive strategies in Pakistan, and its relative importance in contraceptive decisions.