Psychosocial theories of aging: a critical evaluation.

Three major psychosocial theories of aging--activity theory, disengagement theory, and continuity theory--are summarized and evaluated. Some important problems are identified with each of the theories when the criteria of intersubjectivity of meaning, testability, and empirical adequacy are utilized in the evaluation process. An analysis of relevant research shows that none of these three theories is clearly supported by empirical evidence. Because of the tentative nature and lack of conclusive support for each of these theories, further exploration and theory development is needed. It is suggested here that a phenomenological approach may be a more productive way to study the psychosocial aspects of aging.