Horizontal transportation of a Maltese cross pattern in nematic liquid crystalline droplets under a temperature gradient.

Flow and director fields strongly couple with each other in liquid crystalline systems, and herein we discuss the coupling effect in cylindrical and spherical-cap droplets formed by nematic liquid crystal. Applying a temperature gradient to droplets dispersed in a liquid solvent, we observed a crosslike texture in the droplets moved toward the high-temperature side, indicating that the director field was deformed from equilibrium. Additionally, measurement of the flow field revealed that a convective flow was induced in the droplets under temperature gradient. These results suggested that the director deformation in the droplet was induced by convection. By designing a simplified model based on this, we theoretically analyzed the above phenomenon based on Onsager's variational principle. The results show that the phenomenon was well described by a balance of surface energy gradient with viscous and elastic forces.