K So-Armah1, S K Gupta2, S Kundu3, J C Stewart4, J L Goulet5,6, A A Butt7,8,9,10, J J Sico5,6, V C Marconi11, S Crystal12, M C Rodriguez-Barradas13,14, M Budoff15, C L Gibert16, C-Ch Chang17, R Bedimo18, M S Freiberg19. 1. Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. 2. Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, IN, USA. 3. Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA. 4. Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA. 5. VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA. 6. Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. 7. VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. 8. Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA. 9. Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar. 10. Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar. 11. Emory University School of Medicine and Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Atlanta, GA, USA. 12. Center for Health Services Research, Institute for Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA. 13. Infectious Diseases Section, Michael E. DeBakey VAMC, Houston, TX, USA. 14. Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. 15. Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Torrance, CA, USA. 16. Washington DC Veterans Affairs Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA. 17. University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. 18. VA North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, TX, USA. 19. VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: The contribution of depression to mortality in adults with and without HIV infection is unclear. We hypothesized that depression increases mortality risk and that this association is stronger among those with HIV infection. METHODS: Veterans Aging Cohort Study (VACS) data were analysed from the first clinic visit on or after 1 April 2003 (baseline) to 30 September 2015. Depression definitions were: (1) major depressive disorder defined using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) codes; (2) depressive symptoms defined as Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-9 scores ≥ 10. The outcome was all-cause mortality. Covariates were demographics, comorbid conditions and health behaviours. RESULTS: Among 129 140 eligible participants, 30% had HIV infection, 16% had a major depressive disorder diagnosis, and 24% died over a median follow-up time of 11 years. The death rate was 25.3 [95% confidence interval (CI) 25.0-25.6] deaths per 1000 person-years. Major depressive disorder was associated with mortality [hazard ratio (HR) 1.04; 95% CI 1.01, 1.07]. This association was modified by HIV status (interaction P-value = 0.02). In HIV-stratified analyses, depression was significantly associated with mortality among HIV-uninfected veterans but not among those with HIV infection. Among those with PHQ-9 data (n = 7372), 50% had HIV infection, 22% had PHQ-9 scores ≥ 10, and 28% died over a median follow-up time of 12 years. The death rate was 27.3 (95% CI 26.1-28.5) per 1000 person-years. Depressive symptoms were associated with mortality (HR 1.16; 95% CI 1.04, 1.28). This association was modified by HIV status (interaction P-value = 0.05). In HIV-stratified analyses, depressive symptoms were significantly associated with mortality among veterans with HIV infection but not among those without HIV infection. CONCLUSIONS: Depression was associated with all-cause mortality. This association was modified by HIV status and method of depression ascertainment.
OBJECTIVES: The contribution of depression to mortality in adults with and without HIV infection is unclear. We hypothesized that depression increases mortality risk and that this association is stronger among those with HIV infection. METHODS: Veterans Aging Cohort Study (VACS) data were analysed from the first clinic visit on or after 1 April 2003 (baseline) to 30 September 2015. Depression definitions were: (1) major depressive disorder defined using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) codes; (2) depressive symptoms defined as Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-9 scores ≥ 10. The outcome was all-cause mortality. Covariates were demographics, comorbid conditions and health behaviours. RESULTS: Among 129 140 eligible participants, 30% had HIV infection, 16% had a major depressive disorder diagnosis, and 24% died over a median follow-up time of 11 years. The death rate was 25.3 [95% confidence interval (CI) 25.0-25.6] deaths per 1000 person-years. Major depressive disorder was associated with mortality [hazard ratio (HR) 1.04; 95% CI 1.01, 1.07]. This association was modified by HIV status (interaction P-value = 0.02). In HIV-stratified analyses, depression was significantly associated with mortality among HIV-uninfected veterans but not among those with HIV infection. Among those with PHQ-9 data (n = 7372), 50% had HIV infection, 22% had PHQ-9 scores ≥ 10, and 28% died over a median follow-up time of 12 years. The death rate was 27.3 (95% CI 26.1-28.5) per 1000 person-years. Depressive symptoms were associated with mortality (HR 1.16; 95% CI 1.04, 1.28). This association was modified by HIV status (interaction P-value = 0.05). In HIV-stratified analyses, depressive symptoms were significantly associated with mortality among veterans with HIV infection but not among those without HIV infection. CONCLUSIONS:Depression was associated with all-cause mortality. This association was modified by HIV status and method of depression ascertainment.
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