Lindsay S Mayberry1, Cynthia A Berg2, Robert A Greevy3, Kenneth A Wallston4. 1. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Center for Health Behavior and Health Education, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Center for Health Services Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Center for Diabetes Translation Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA. Electronic address: lindsay.mayberry@vumc.org. 2. Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. 3. Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA. 4. Center for Health Services Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; School of Nursing, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Develop and evaluate a measure assessing helpful and harmful family/friends' involvement in adults' type 2 diabetes (T2D) self-management. METHODS: Prior mixed-methods research, cognitive interviews, and expert input informed measure development. We administered the measure in two studies (N = 392 and N = 512) to evaluate its factor structure, internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, and construct, criterion and predictive validity. RESULTS: Analyses supported a two-factor solution: helpful and harmful involvement with internal consistency reliability α = .86 and .72, respectively. Three-month test-retest reliability was rho = 0.64 for helpful and rho = 0.61 for harmful (both p < 0.001). Over 90% reported at least one instance of family/friend involvement in the past month. Associations with other measures of diabetes involvement were as anticipated (all p < .01). Helpful and harmful involvement were independently associated with diabetes self-efficacy, diet, blood glucose testing and medication adherence cross-sectionally [βs 0.13-0.39 helpful, -0.12--0.33 harmful; all p < .05]. Harmful involvement independently predicted worse HbA1c (β = 0.08), and worsening HbA1c over three months (β = 0.12, both p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The Family and Friend Involvement in Adults' Diabetes (FIAD) is a reliable and valid measure assessing family/friend involvement in adults' T2D. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: FIAD use can inform interventions to improve social contexts in which adults manage diabetes.
OBJECTIVE: Develop and evaluate a measure assessing helpful and harmful family/friends' involvement in adults' type 2 diabetes (T2D) self-management. METHODS: Prior mixed-methods research, cognitive interviews, and expert input informed measure development. We administered the measure in two studies (N = 392 and N = 512) to evaluate its factor structure, internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, and construct, criterion and predictive validity. RESULTS: Analyses supported a two-factor solution: helpful and harmful involvement with internal consistency reliability α = .86 and .72, respectively. Three-month test-retest reliability was rho = 0.64 for helpful and rho = 0.61 for harmful (both p < 0.001). Over 90% reported at least one instance of family/friend involvement in the past month. Associations with other measures of diabetes involvement were as anticipated (all p < .01). Helpful and harmful involvement were independently associated with diabetes self-efficacy, diet, blood glucose testing and medication adherence cross-sectionally [βs 0.13-0.39 helpful, -0.12--0.33 harmful; all p < .05]. Harmful involvement independently predicted worse HbA1c (β = 0.08), and worsening HbA1c over three months (β = 0.12, both p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The Family and Friend Involvement in Adults' Diabetes (FIAD) is a reliable and valid measure assessing family/friend involvement in adults' T2D. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: FIAD use can inform interventions to improve social contexts in which adults manage diabetes.
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