Functionalized graphene oxide as a nanocarrier for dual drug delivery applications: The synergistic effect of quercetin and gefitinib against ovarian cancer cells.

Graphene Oxide (GO) has been extensively studied in the field of biomedical sciences as one of the most promising biomaterials due to its exceptional physiochemical properties. Experts have long favored anticancer drug cocktails over single drugs, given that the former may provide a more balanced molecular basis for novel chemotherapeutic strategies. Here, we investigated a combinatorial anticancer drug treatment involving the well-proven anticancer drugs quercetin and gefitinib and compared it with gefitinib and quercetin loaded separately onto polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-functionalized graphene oxide (GO-PVP). The loading and cancer cell cytotoxicity of the individual drug systems and their combined loading onto GO-PVP nanovehicles were investigated in PA-1 ovarian cancer cells and compared to their effects on IOSE-364 ovarian epithelial cells. In this report, the combined drug system loaded on the GO-PVP nanovehicle was found to be significantly more toxic than the individual drug loaded systems, as well as the free drugs, toward PA-1 cells compared to the toxicity toward IOSE-364 cells. The combined drug system loaded on the GO-PVP nanovehicle is likely to be more successful than individual drug therapy, given the stronger impact of the combinatorial approach and the efficiency of chemotherapeutic delivery.