Apparatus for simulating extraction forces.

The extraction forces can be stimulated using a mean value indicator, extraction forceps and a phantom skull. The rocking and twisting moments occurring during "extraction" can be measured with strain gauges. Before beginning practical work on patients, dental students carried out simulated extractions of various teeth. The moments were significantly lower than forces needed for real extractions. When using the simulator, the students must be supervised by a teacher able to demonstrate the correct grips of forceps handles and the correct style in extraction.