Nanobiotechnology as an emerging approach to combat malaria: A systematic review.

Mosquitoes (Diptera; Culicidae) present a major threat to millions of people and animals worldwide, as they act as vectors for various pathogens, especially parasites and viruses. Resistance to insecticides, such as organophosphates and microbial control agents, and insufficient adherence to application guidelines are common reasons for insecticide treatment failure. Therefore, there is an urgent need for exploration of safer, cheaper, and more effective agents, with novel modes of action, to improve mosquito control. Biosynthesized nanoparticles (NPs) have recently been considered as a potential approach for combating vectors of malaria and also as a treatment for malaria. Here, we present current knowledge about the characterization and effectiveness of biogenic NPs against major vectors of malaria, including avian malaria (which may also provide useful insights on vectors of human malaria). This article is the first systematic review of the effects of biosynthesized nanoparticles on both malaria parasites (Plasmodium spp.) and relevant vectors.