Juan F Vesga1, Timothy B Hallett2, Michael J A Reid3, Kuldeep Singh Sachdeva4, Raghuram Rao5, Sunil Khaparde4, Paresh Dave4, Kiran Rade6, Maureen Kamene7, Eunice Omesa7, Enos Masini8, Newton Omale7, Elizabeth Onyango7, Philip Owiti7, Muthoni Karanja9, Richard Kiplimo7, Sofia Alexandru10, Valentina Vilc10, Valeriu Crudu10, Stela Bivol11, Cristina Celan11, Nimalan Arinaminpathy2. 1. MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK. Electronic address: j.vesga10@imperial.ac.uk. 2. MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK. 3. Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. 4. Central TB Division, New Delhi, India. 5. Central TB Division, New Delhi, India; Central TB Division, New Delhi, India. 6. WHO India Country Office, New Delhi, India. 7. National Tuberculosis, Leprosy and Lung Disease Programme, Nairobi, Kenya. 8. WHO Kenya Country Office, Nairobi, Kenya. 9. National AIDS and STI Control Programme, Nairobi, Kenya. 10. National Tuberculosis Programme, 'Chiril Draganiuc' Institute of Phthisiopneumology, Chisinau, Moldova. 11. Centre for Health Policies and Studies, Chisinau, Moldova.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: In the context of WHO's End TB strategy, there is a need to focus future control efforts on those interventions and innovations that would be most effective in accelerating declines in tuberculosis burden. Using a modelling approach to link the tuberculosis care cascade to transmission, we aimed to identify which improvements in the cascade would yield the greatest effect on incidence and mortality. METHODS: We engaged with national tuberculosis programmes in three country settings (India, Kenya, and Moldova) as illustrative examples of settings with a large private sector (India), a high HIV burden (Kenya), and a high burden of multidrug resistance (Moldova). We collated WHO country burden estimates, routine surveillance data, and tuberculosis prevalence surveys from 2011 (for India) and 2016 (for Kenya). Linking the tuberculosis care cascade to tuberculosis transmission using a mathematical model with Bayesian melding in each setting, we examined which cascade shortfalls would have the greatest effect on incidence and mortality, and how the cascade could be used to monitor future control efforts. FINDINGS: Modelling suggests that combined measures to strengthen the care cascade could reduce cumulative tuberculosis incidence by 38% (95% Bayesian credible intervals 27-43) in India, 31% (25-41) in Kenya, and 27% (17-41) in Moldova between 2018 and 2035. For both incidence and mortality, modelling suggests that the most important cascade losses are the proportion of patients visiting the private health-care sector in India, missed diagnosis in health-care settings in Kenya, and drug sensitivity testing in Moldova. In all settings, the most influential delay is the interval before a patient's first presentation for care. In future interventions, the proportion of individuals with tuberculosis who are on high-quality treatment could offer a more robust monitoring tool than routine notifications of tuberculosis. INTERPRETATION: Linked to transmission, the care cascade can be valuable, not only for improving patient outcomes but also in identifying and monitoring programmatic priorities to reduce tuberculosis incidence and mortality. FUNDING: US Agency for International Development, Stop TB Partnership, UK Medical Research Council, and Department for International Development.
BACKGROUND: In the context of WHO's End TB strategy, there is a need to focus future control efforts on those interventions and innovations that would be most effective in accelerating declines in tuberculosis burden. Using a modelling approach to link the tuberculosis care cascade to transmission, we aimed to identify which improvements in the cascade would yield the greatest effect on incidence and mortality. METHODS: We engaged with national tuberculosis programmes in three country settings (India, Kenya, and Moldova) as illustrative examples of settings with a large private sector (India), a high HIV burden (Kenya), and a high burden of multidrug resistance (Moldova). We collated WHO country burden estimates, routine surveillance data, and tuberculosis prevalence surveys from 2011 (for India) and 2016 (for Kenya). Linking the tuberculosis care cascade to tuberculosis transmission using a mathematical model with Bayesian melding in each setting, we examined which cascade shortfalls would have the greatest effect on incidence and mortality, and how the cascade could be used to monitor future control efforts. FINDINGS: Modelling suggests that combined measures to strengthen the care cascade could reduce cumulative tuberculosis incidence by 38% (95% Bayesian credible intervals 27-43) in India, 31% (25-41) in Kenya, and 27% (17-41) in Moldova between 2018 and 2035. For both incidence and mortality, modelling suggests that the most important cascade losses are the proportion of patients visiting the private health-care sector in India, missed diagnosis in health-care settings in Kenya, and drug sensitivity testing in Moldova. In all settings, the most influential delay is the interval before a patient's first presentation for care. In future interventions, the proportion of individuals with tuberculosis who are on high-quality treatment could offer a more robust monitoring tool than routine notifications of tuberculosis. INTERPRETATION: Linked to transmission, the care cascade can be valuable, not only for improving patient outcomes but also in identifying and monitoring programmatic priorities to reduce tuberculosis incidence and mortality. FUNDING: US Agency for International Development, Stop TB Partnership, UK Medical Research Council, and Department for International Development.
Authors: Jillian L Kadota; Sarah Nabwire; Talemwa Nalugwa; Justin S White; Adithya Cattamanchi; Achilles Katamba; Priya B Shete Journal: Value Health Reg Issues Date: 2021-03-25
Authors: Joseph Kibachio; Valerian Mwenda; Oren Ombiro; Jamima H Kamano; Pablo N Perez-Guzman; Kennedy K Mutai; Idris Guessous; David Beran; Paratsu Kasaie; Brian Weir; Blythe Beecroft; Nduku Kilonzo; Linda Kupfer; Mikaela Smit Journal: J Int AIDS Soc Date: 2020-06 Impact factor: 5.396
Authors: Alexandra B Hogan; Britta L Jewell; Ellie Sherrard-Smith; Juan F Vesga; Oliver J Watson; Charles Whittaker; Arran Hamlet; Jennifer A Smith; Peter Winskill; Robert Verity; Marc Baguelin; John A Lees; Lilith K Whittles; Kylie E C Ainslie; Samir Bhatt; Adhiratha Boonyasiri; Nicholas F Brazeau; Lorenzo Cattarino; Laura V Cooper; Helen Coupland; Gina Cuomo-Dannenburg; Amy Dighe; Bimandra A Djaafara; Christl A Donnelly; Jeff W Eaton; Sabine L van Elsland; Richard G FitzJohn; Han Fu; Katy A M Gaythorpe; William Green; David J Haw; Sarah Hayes; Wes Hinsley; Natsuko Imai; Daniel J Laydon; Tara D Mangal; Thomas A Mellan; Swapnil Mishra; Gemma Nedjati-Gilani; Kris V Parag; Hayley A Thompson; H Juliette T Unwin; Michaela A C Vollmer; Caroline E Walters; Haowei Wang; Yuanrong Wang; Xiaoyue Xi; Neil M Ferguson; Lucy C Okell; Thomas S Churcher; Nimalan Arinaminpathy; Azra C Ghani; Patrick G T Walker; Timothy B Hallett Journal: Lancet Glob Health Date: 2020-07-13 Impact factor: 26.763