Neural efficiency in basketball players is associated with bidirectional reductions in cortical activation and deactivation during multiple-object tracking task performance.

Although sports expertise has been shown to have transferable cognitive benefits, it is unclear how motor expertise influences brain activity during perceptual-cognitive tasks. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether improved perceptual-cognitive behavioral task performance in individuals with well-developed motor skills is associated with characteristic cortical activation and deactivation. Blood oxygenation-level dependent (BOLD) functional MRI (fMRI) was conducted in 23 athletes and 24 age- and education-matched non-athletes performing a multiple object tracking (MOT) task with graded levels of attentional load (two, three, or four targets). Compared to non-athletes, athletes had better performance in the three- and four-target conditions of the MOT task. Less activation of the left frontal eye field (FEF) and bilateral anterior intraparietal sulcus (aIPS) and less deactivation in the bilateral medial superior frontal gyrus (mSFG) were observed in athletes compared to non-athletes. Importantly, as the attentional load was increased, differences in deactivation of the left middle temporal gyrus (MTG) between athletes and non-athletes became larger. Behavioral performance in the high attentional load condition correlated negatively with activation in the left FEF and right aIPS, and correlated positively with that in the mSFG and left MTG. Better performance in elite athletes may transfer from the sport domain to a general cognitive domain owing to higher neural efficiency, which may be represented by a bidirectional reduction phenomenon encompassing both reduced activation of areas associated with task execution and reduced deactivation of areas associated with irrelevant information processing.