Lina Guo1, Martyn C Jones2, Yanjin Liu3, Suyuan Yv4, Yiru Zhu4, Yvru Guo5. 1. Department of Neurology, the first Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: guolina09@126.com. 2. School of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Dundee, 11 Airlie Place, Dundee DD1 4HJ, UK, Dundee DD1 4HJ, UK. Electronic address: m.c.jones@dundee.ac.uk. 3. Department of Nursing, the first Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: lyjhlb@126.com. 4. Department of Neurology, the first Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China. 5. Department of Osteology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, People's Republic of China.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Currently, relatively little is known regarding the sources and levels of stress experienced by nursing students in China. This is largely because there is no reliable and valid, culturally appropriate measure of student nurse' stress. A culturally acceptable, Chinese Version of the Student Nurse Stress Index Scale (SNSI-CHI), with established reliability and validity, is needed to identify sources of stress in Chinese nursing students. METHODS: This validation study used a cross-sectional descriptive survey design. Stratified cluster random sampling was used to collect data from August 2017 to January, 2018 from 1100 nursing students in Henan Province, China. A demographic questionnaire, SNSI-CHI and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-14) were administered. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was carried out on two randomly selected samples (each N = 538) from the overall return. The content, construct, predictive and concurrent validity of the translated SNSI-CHI were examined. RESULTS: 1076 nursing students returned the survey (97.82% response rate). The average total score of SNSI-CHI was 58.455 ± 13.903. The internal consistency, test-retest reliability and content validity of the SNSI-CHI was excellent with a content validity index of 0.954. A four factor simple structure was revealed and confirmed using exploratory (explaining 75% of the variance) and confirmatory factor analysis (x2/df = 1.347, GFI = 0.956, AGFI = 0.945, RMR = 0.032, RMSEA = 0.025, NFI = 0.974, IFI = 0.993, TLI = 0.992, CFI = 0.993). This structure, i.e. academic load, clinical concerns, interface worries and personal problems compared well with the original SNSI. The SNSI-CHI totals and subscales showed good concurrent and predictive validity with the PSS-14 as comparator or criterion. A score of higher than 65 on the SNSI-CHI indicates high levels of perceived stress symptoms. Some 10.5% of respondents experience high levels of stressful demand. Sensitivity and specificity values of 71.7% and 75.1% respectively, demonstrated good predictive validity. LIMITATIONS: This study sample was confined to the Henan Province, which may limit its generalizability. A larger and more diverse sample is needed in the future research. CONCLUSIONS: The SNSI-CHI is both reliable and valid and culturally appropriate for use in China and its structure enables cross-cultural comparison.
BACKGROUND: Currently, relatively little is known regarding the sources and levels of stress experienced by nursing students in China. This is largely because there is no reliable and valid, culturally appropriate measure of student nurse' stress. A culturally acceptable, Chinese Version of the Student Nurse Stress Index Scale (SNSI-CHI), with established reliability and validity, is needed to identify sources of stress in Chinese nursing students. METHODS: This validation study used a cross-sectional descriptive survey design. Stratified cluster random sampling was used to collect data from August 2017 to January, 2018 from 1100 nursing students in Henan Province, China. A demographic questionnaire, SNSI-CHI and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-14) were administered. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was carried out on two randomly selected samples (each N = 538) from the overall return. The content, construct, predictive and concurrent validity of the translated SNSI-CHI were examined. RESULTS: 1076 nursing students returned the survey (97.82% response rate). The average total score of SNSI-CHI was 58.455 ± 13.903. The internal consistency, test-retest reliability and content validity of the SNSI-CHI was excellent with a content validity index of 0.954. A four factor simple structure was revealed and confirmed using exploratory (explaining 75% of the variance) and confirmatory factor analysis (x2/df = 1.347, GFI = 0.956, AGFI = 0.945, RMR = 0.032, RMSEA = 0.025, NFI = 0.974, IFI = 0.993, TLI = 0.992, CFI = 0.993). This structure, i.e. academic load, clinical concerns, interface worries and personal problems compared well with the original SNSI. The SNSI-CHI totals and subscales showed good concurrent and predictive validity with the PSS-14 as comparator or criterion. A score of higher than 65 on the SNSI-CHI indicates high levels of perceived stress symptoms. Some 10.5% of respondents experience high levels of stressful demand. Sensitivity and specificity values of 71.7% and 75.1% respectively, demonstrated good predictive validity. LIMITATIONS: This study sample was confined to the Henan Province, which may limit its generalizability. A larger and more diverse sample is needed in the future research. CONCLUSIONS: The SNSI-CHI is both reliable and valid and culturally appropriate for use in China and its structure enables cross-cultural comparison.