ELF4 facilitates innate host defenses against Plasmodium by activating transcription of Pf4 and Ppbp.

Platelet factor 4 (PF4) is an anti-Plasmodium component of platelets. It is expressed in megakaryocytes and released from platelets following infection with Plasmodium Innate immunity is crucial for the host anti-Plasmodium response, in which type I interferon plays an important role. Whether there is cross-talk between innate immune signaling and the production of anti-Plasmodium defense peptides is unknown. Here we demonstrate that E74, like ETS transcription factor 4 (ELF4), a type I interferon activator, can help protect the host from Plasmodium yoelii infection. Mechanically, ELF4 binds to the promoter of genes of two C-X-C chemokines, Pf4 and pro-platelet basic protein (Ppbp), initiating the transcription of these two genes, thereby enhancing PF4-mediated killing of parasites from infected erythrocytes. Elf4 -/- mice are much more susceptible to Plasmodium infection than WT littermates. The expression level of Pf4 and Ppbp in megakaryocytes from Elf4 -/- mice is much lower than in those from control animals, resulting in increased parasitemia. In conclusion, our study uncovered a distinct role of ELF4, an innate immune molecule, in host defense against malaria.