Skin-inspired, open mesh electrochemical sensors for lactate and oxygen monitoring.

Research in wearable electronics has paved the way for next-generation technology, sought to create point-of-care biosensors that combine chemical sensing on a biocompatible platform with a broad range of applications in human health monitoring. Despite significant progress, the microspatial mechanical mismatch and fluid-impermeable interface presented between skin and the electronics create adscititious problems in device lamination, conformality, and long-term monitoring. Herein, we engineered a skin-inspired, deterministically patterned, electrochemical biosensor that can be fully integrated with the curvilinear surface of the human body, while mechanically adapting to the natural stresses applied to the skin and allowing the mass transfer of gas and fluids. In particular, we developed mechanically-compliant lattice-structured biosensors for the continuous evaluation of lactate and oxygen. Systematic studies of the sensor performance were evaluated with variations in polymeric membranes and its ability to withstand commonplace harsh, multiaxial stresses.