BACKGROUND: Solitary chemosensory cells (SCCs) are rare epithelial cells enriched in nasal polyps and are the primary source of interleukin-25 (IL-25), an innate cytokine eliciting T-helper 2 (Th2) immune response. Although it is proposed that SCCs are stimulated by antigens released by upper airway pathogens, the exogenous triggers of human SCCs remain elusive. We studied patients with noninvasive fungal rhinosinusitis to determine whether extracts of Aspergillus fumigatus and Alternaria alternata stimulate SCC proliferation as an early event in type 2 inflammation. METHODS: Multicolor flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and enzyme-linked immunoassay were used to interrogate mucosa from patients with mycetomas and allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS) for SCCs and IL-25. Primary sinonasal epithelial cells from AFRS patients and noninflamed inferior turbinates were stimulated with fungal extracts for 72 hours, and SCC population frequency as well as mitotic activity were quantified using flow cytometry. RESULTS: SCCs producing IL-25 are enriched in inflamed mucosa compared with intrapatient noninflamed control tissue (38.6% vs 6.5%, p = 0.029). In cultured sinonasal epithelial cells from AFRS nasal polyps, Aspergillus fumigatus and Alternaria alternata stimulated higher SCC frequency compared with controls (27.4% vs 10.6%, p = 0.002; 18.1% vs 10.6%, p = 0.046), which led to increased IL-25 secretion in culture media (75.5 vs 3.3 pg/mL, p < 0.001; 32.3 vs 3.3 pg/mL, p = 0.007). Ki-67 expression was higher in SCCs grown in fungal stimulation conditions compared with controls. CONCLUSION: Although fungal antigens are known to potentiate immune response through innate cytokines, including IL-25, the early expansion of SCCs in the presence of fungus has not been described. This early event in the pathogenesis of noninvasive fungal rhinosinusitis may represent a target for intervention.
BACKGROUND: Solitary chemosensory cells (SCCs) are rare epithelial cells enriched in nasal polyps and are the primary source of interleukin-25 (IL-25), an innate cytokine eliciting T-helper 2 (Th2) immune response. Although it is proposed that SCCs are stimulated by antigens released by upper airway pathogens, the exogenous triggers of human SCCs remain elusive. We studied patients with noninvasive fungal rhinosinusitis to determine whether extracts of Aspergillus fumigatus and Alternaria alternata stimulate SCC proliferation as an early event in type 2 inflammation. METHODS: Multicolor flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and enzyme-linked immunoassay were used to interrogate mucosa from patients with mycetomas and allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS) for SCCs and IL-25. Primary sinonasal epithelial cells from AFRS patients and noninflamed inferior turbinates were stimulated with fungal extracts for 72 hours, and SCC population frequency as well as mitotic activity were quantified using flow cytometry. RESULTS: SCCs producing IL-25 are enriched in inflamed mucosa compared with intrapatient noninflamed control tissue (38.6% vs 6.5%, p = 0.029). In cultured sinonasal epithelial cells from AFRS nasal polyps, Aspergillus fumigatus and Alternaria alternata stimulated higher SCC frequency compared with controls (27.4% vs 10.6%, p = 0.002; 18.1% vs 10.6%, p = 0.046), which led to increased IL-25 secretion in culture media (75.5 vs 3.3 pg/mL, p < 0.001; 32.3 vs 3.3 pg/mL, p = 0.007). Ki-67 expression was higher in SCCs grown in fungal stimulation conditions compared with controls. CONCLUSION: Although fungal antigens are known to potentiate immune response through innate cytokines, including IL-25, the early expansion of SCCs in the presence of fungus has not been described. This early event in the pathogenesis of noninvasive fungal rhinosinusitis may represent a target for intervention.
Authors: Matthew Lam; Laura Hull; Andrew Imrie; Kornkiat Snidvongs; David Chin; Ellie Pratt; Larry Kalish; Raymond Sacks; Peter Earls; William Sewell; Richard J Harvey Journal: Am J Rhinol Allergy Date: 2015 May-Jun Impact factor: 2.467
Authors: Matthew A Tyler; Chris B Russell; Dirk E Smith; James B Rottman; Caroline J Padro Dietz; Xuguang Hu; Martin J Citardi; Samer Fakhri; Shervin Assassi; Amber Luong Journal: J Allergy Clin Immunol Date: 2016-11-18 Impact factor: 10.793
Authors: Christoph Schneider; Claire E O'Leary; Jakob von Moltke; Hong-Erh Liang; Qi Yan Ang; Peter J Turnbaugh; Sridhar Radhakrishnan; Michael Pellizzon; Averil Ma; Richard M Locksley Journal: Cell Date: 2018-06-07 Impact factor: 41.582
Authors: Stanislas Grassin-Delyle; Charlotte Abrial; Sarah Fayad-Kobeissi; Marion Brollo; Christophe Faisy; Jean-Claude Alvarez; Emmanuel Naline; Philippe Devillier Journal: Respir Res Date: 2013-11-22
Authors: Saltanat Ualiyeva; Nils Hallen; Yoshihide Kanaoka; Carola Ledderose; Ichiro Matsumoto; Wolfgang G Junger; Nora A Barrett; Lora G Bankova Journal: Sci Immunol Date: 2020-01-17
Authors: Michael A Kohanski; Lauren Brown; Melissa Orr; Li Hui Tan; Nithin D Adappa; James N Palmer; Ronald C Rubenstein; Noam A Cohen Journal: Respir Res Date: 2021-01-28
Authors: Elizabeth A Sell; Jorge F Ortiz-Carpena; De'Broski R Herbert; Noam A Cohen Journal: Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol Date: 2020-10-26 Impact factor: 6.347
Authors: Matthew A Tyler; Kent Lam; Michael J Marino; William C Yao; Isaac Schmale; Martin J Citardi; Amber U Luong Journal: Int Forum Allergy Rhinol Date: 2021-06-02 Impact factor: 3.858