Evidence, Determination, and Implications of Membrane-Independent Limiting Flux in Forward Osmosis Systems.

A stepwise method for determining limiting flux and limiting osmotic pressure and a constant osmotic pressure method to validate the limiting flux were developed. First, five of the most commonly used FO membranes were characterized for water permeability ( A), solute permeability ( B), and structural parameter ( S). During both stepwise and constant osmotic pressure fouling experiments, membrane fouling constrained water flux to a singular, common upper limit, the limiting flux, for all membranes despite very different A and A/ B values for the membranes. Conversely, there was not an upper limit to reverse salt flux. It was observed that reverse salt flux increases as S decreases; however, this does not mean that higher S values are desirable. Higher S values (> ∼600 μm) also increase dilutive internal concentration polarization, which is recognized as the major impediment to achieving high FO water flux. For osmotic processes where membrane fouling occurs, membrane transport parameters A and B may not be useful performance indicators, and the goal of improving water flux by developing highly permeable, highly selective membranes may not be realistic. Instead, optimizing fouling mitigation strategies, hydrodynamics at the membrane surface, and membrane module configuration may be more promising alternatives for improving performance.