Comparative mitogenomic and phylogenetic analysis of Apalone spinifera and Apalone ferox (Testudines: Trionychidae).

The soft-shell turtles Apalone spinifera (AS) and Apalone ferox (AF) are two important economic species. AF is found in the Yellow River of China, and is a confirmed member of the Trionychidae family. However, the classification of AS was in dispute. Mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) have been widely used for species identification, as well as population and phylogenetic analysis. In order to understand the phylogenetic and mitogenomic features of AS and AF, the complete mitogenomes were sequenced, annotated and analyzed in this study. The complete mitogenomes of AS and AF are 16,817 bp and 16,756 bp in length, respectively. Both mitogenomes contain 37 genes, seven short intergenic spacers and two long intergenic spacers. Comparative analysis showed that there are 1,137 variation sites (6.79%) between the two mitogenomes. AS and AF mitogenomes both show a usage preference in terms of nucleotides, codons and amino acids. In addition, the non-synonymous substitution rate/synonymous substitution rate indicates that all protein-coding genes (PCGs) have undergone a strong purifying selection. Phylogenetic trees constructed by 13 PCGs show a clear phylogenetic relationship of the soft-shell turtles and suggest that AS is a sister species to AF of the genus Apalone. The data could be useful for further research of species identification, population analysis and the mitogenomic features of soft-shell turtles.