Yoosoo Chang1,2,3, Jae Heon Kim4, Jin-Won Noh5,6, Young-Sam Cho7, Heung Jae Park7, Kwan Joong Joo7, Seungho Ryu1,2,3. 1. From the Center for Cohort Studies, Total Healthcare Center (Y.C., S.R.), Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. 2. Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (Y.C., S.R.), Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. 3. Department of Clinical Research Design and Evaluation, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea (Y.C., S.R.). 4. Department of Urology, and Urological Biomedicine Research Institute, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (J.H.K). 5. Department of Healthcare Management, Eulji University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea (J.-W.N.). 6. Global Health Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands (J.-W.N.). 7. Department of Urology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (Y.-S.C., H.J.P., K.J.J.).
Abstract
RATIONALE: Although PSA (prostate-specific antigen)-a tumor marker for prostate cancer-has been reported to be associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, studies on the association of PSA with subclinical and clinical CVD remain limited. OBJECTIVE: We examined the association of total serum PSA within the reference range with coronary artery calcium (CAC) score and CVD mortality. METHODS AND RESULTS: A cross-sectional study was performed in 88 203 Korean men who underwent a health checkup exam including cardiac tomography estimation of CAC score. Logistic regression model was used to calculate odds ratios with 95% CIs for prevalent CAC. PSA levels were inversely associated with the presence of CAC. After adjusting for potential confounders, multivariable-adjusted odds ratio (95% CIs) for prevalent CAC comparing PSA quartiles 2, 3, and 4 to the first quartile were 0.96 (0.90-1.01), 0.88 (0.83-0.93), and 0.85 (0.80-0.90), respectively ( P for trend, <0.001). A cohort study was performed in 243 435 Korean men with a mean age of 39.3 years, PSA values of <4.0 ng/mL, and without known CVD or prostate disease who were followed up with for ≤14 years for CVD mortality (median, 7.3 years). CVD deaths were ascertained through linkage to national death records. Hazard ratios and 95% CIs for CVD mortality were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression analyses. During 1 829 070.1 person-years of follow-up, 336 CVD deaths were identified. After adjustment for potential confounders, multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (95% CIs) for CVD mortality comparing PSA quartiles 2, 3, and 4 to the lowest quartile were 0.90 (0.66-1.22), 0.79 (0.58-1.08), and 0.69 (0.51-0.93), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Serum total PSA levels within the reference range showed an inverse association with subclinical atherosclerosis and CVD mortality in young and middle-aged Korean men, indicating a possible role of PSA as a predictive marker for subclinical and clinical CVD.
RATIONALE: Although PSA (prostate-specific antigen)-a tumor marker for prostate cancer-has been reported to be associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, studies on the association of PSA with subclinical and clinical CVD remain limited. OBJECTIVE: We examined the association of total serum PSA within the reference range with coronary artery calcium (CAC) score and CVD mortality. METHODS AND RESULTS: A cross-sectional study was performed in 88 203 Korean men who underwent a health checkup exam including cardiac tomography estimation of CAC score. Logistic regression model was used to calculate odds ratios with 95% CIs for prevalent CAC. PSA levels were inversely associated with the presence of CAC. After adjusting for potential confounders, multivariable-adjusted odds ratio (95% CIs) for prevalent CAC comparing PSA quartiles 2, 3, and 4 to the first quartile were 0.96 (0.90-1.01), 0.88 (0.83-0.93), and 0.85 (0.80-0.90), respectively ( P for trend, <0.001). A cohort study was performed in 243 435 Korean men with a mean age of 39.3 years, PSA values of <4.0 ng/mL, and without known CVD or prostate disease who were followed up with for ≤14 years for CVD mortality (median, 7.3 years). CVD deaths were ascertained through linkage to national death records. Hazard ratios and 95% CIs for CVD mortality were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression analyses. During 1 829 070.1 person-years of follow-up, 336 CVD deaths were identified. After adjustment for potential confounders, multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (95% CIs) for CVD mortality comparing PSA quartiles 2, 3, and 4 to the lowest quartile were 0.90 (0.66-1.22), 0.79 (0.58-1.08), and 0.69 (0.51-0.93), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Serum total PSA levels within the reference range showed an inverse association with subclinical atherosclerosis and CVD mortality in young and middle-aged Korean men, indicating a possible role of PSA as a predictive marker for subclinical and clinical CVD.
Authors: Si Hyun Kim; Jae Joon Park; Ki Hong Kim; Hee Jo Yang; Doo Sang Kim; Chang Ho Lee; Youn Soo Jeon; Sung Ryul Shim; Jae Heon Kim Journal: Int Urol Nephrol Date: 2021-06-05 Impact factor: 2.370