Khaled Aziz1, Jazeel F Limzerwala1, Ines Sturmlechner2, Erin Hurley3, Cheng Zhang4, Karthik B Jeganathan3, Grace Nelson3, Steve Bronk5, Raul O Fierro Velasco3, Erik-Jan van Deursen3, Daniel R O'Brien6, Jean-Pierre A Kocher6, Sameh A Youssef7, Janine H van Ree3, Alain de Bruin8, Hilda van den Bos9, Diana C J Spierings9, Floris Foijer9, Bart van de Sluis10, Lewis R Roberts5, Gregory J Gores5, Hu Li4, Jan M van Deursen11. 1. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. 2. Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. 3. Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. 4. Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. 5. Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. 6. Department of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. 7. Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. 8. Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. 9. European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing (ERIBA), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. 10. Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. 11. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: vandeursen.jan@mayo.edu.
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS: The CCNE1 locus, which encodes cyclin E1, is amplified in many types of cancer cells and is activated in hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) from patients infected with hepatitis B virus or adeno-associated virus type 2, due to integration of the virus nearby. We investigated cell-cycle and oncogenic effects of cyclin E1 overexpression in tissues of mice. METHODS: We generated mice with doxycycline-inducible expression of Ccne1 (Ccne1T mice) and activated overexpression of cyclin E1 from age 3 weeks onward. At 14 months of age, livers were collected from mice that overexpress cyclin E1 and nontransgenic mice (controls) and analyzed for tumor burden and by histology. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and hepatocytes from Ccne1T and control mice were analyzed to determine the extent to which cyclin E1 overexpression perturbs S-phase entry, DNA replication, and numbers and structures of chromosomes. Tissues from 4-month-old Ccne1T and control mice (at that age were free of tumors) were analyzed for chromosome alterations, to investigate the mechanisms by which cyclin E1 predisposes hepatocytes to transformation. RESULTS: Ccne1T mice developed more hepatocellular adenomas and HCCs than control mice. Tumors developed only in livers of Ccne1T mice, despite high levels of cyclin E1 in other tissues. Ccne1T MEFs had defects that promoted chromosome missegregation and aneuploidy, including incomplete replication of DNA, centrosome amplification, and formation of nonperpendicular mitotic spindles. Whereas Ccne1T mice accumulated near-diploid aneuploid cells in multiple tissues and organs, polyploidization was observed only in hepatocytes, with losses and gains of whole chromosomes, DNA damage, and oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS: Livers, but not other tissues of mice with inducible overexpression of cyclin E1, develop tumors. More hepatocytes from the cyclin E1-overexpressing mice were polyploid than from control mice, and had losses or gains of whole chromosomes, DNA damage, and oxidative stress; all of these have been observed in human HCC cells. The increased risk of HCC in patients with hepatitis B virus or adeno-associated virus type 2 infection might involve activation of cyclin E1 and its effects on chromosomes and genomes of liver cells.
BACKGROUND & AIMS: The CCNE1 locus, which encodes cyclin E1, is amplified in many types of cancer cells and is activated in hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) from patientsinfected with hepatitis B virus or adeno-associated virus type 2, due to integration of the virus nearby. We investigated cell-cycle and oncogenic effects of cyclin E1 overexpression in tissues of mice. METHODS: We generated mice with doxycycline-inducible expression of Ccne1 (Ccne1T mice) and activated overexpression of cyclin E1 from age 3 weeks onward. At 14 months of age, livers were collected from mice that overexpress cyclin E1 and nontransgenic mice (controls) and analyzed for tumor burden and by histology. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and hepatocytes from Ccne1T and control mice were analyzed to determine the extent to which cyclin E1 overexpression perturbs S-phase entry, DNA replication, and numbers and structures of chromosomes. Tissues from 4-month-old Ccne1T and control mice (at that age were free of tumors) were analyzed for chromosome alterations, to investigate the mechanisms by which cyclin E1 predisposes hepatocytes to transformation. RESULTS: Ccne1T mice developed more hepatocellular adenomas and HCCs than control mice. Tumors developed only in livers of Ccne1T mice, despite high levels of cyclin E1 in other tissues. Ccne1T MEFs had defects that promoted chromosome missegregation and aneuploidy, including incomplete replication of DNA, centrosome amplification, and formation of nonperpendicular mitotic spindles. Whereas Ccne1T mice accumulated near-diploid aneuploid cells in multiple tissues and organs, polyploidization was observed only in hepatocytes, with losses and gains of whole chromosomes, DNA damage, and oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS: Livers, but not other tissues of mice with inducible overexpression of cyclin E1, develop tumors. More hepatocytes from the cyclin E1-overexpressing mice were polyploid than from control mice, and had losses or gains of whole chromosomes, DNA damage, and oxidative stress; all of these have been observed in human HCC cells. The increased risk of HCC in patients with hepatitis B virus or adeno-associated virus type 2infection might involve activation of cyclin E1 and its effects on chromosomes and genomes of liver cells.
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