Sculpting tumor microenvironment with immune system: from immunometabolism to immunoediting.

Cancer immunotherapy unleashing the power of host immunity on eliminating cancer cells represents a critical advance in cancer treatment; however, effective anti-tumor responses are largely dampened by the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Emerging studies have revealed that physiological features in the TME, including glucose deprivation, hypoxia and low pH, established by the metabolically dysregulated cancer cells restrict anti-tumor immunity by impeding the metabolic fitness of tumor-infiltrating cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. Furthermore, infiltrating immunomodulatory cells with different metabolic preferences also facilitate the establishment of the immunosuppressive TME. Therefore, deciphering the metabolic cross-talk between immune cells and cancer cells in the TME and elucidating the impact of this process during tumorigenesis are needed to harness anti-tumor immunity more effectively. Herein, we summarize the immunosuppressive features of TME and how these features impair anti-tumor immunity. Moreover, we postulate how immune cells may be involved in shaping the metabolic features of cancer cells and discuss how we might improve the anti-tumor functions of tumor-specific T cells by rewiring their metabolic regulations.