A search is presented for a Higgs-like boson with mass in the range 45 to 195 GeV / c 2 decaying into a muon and a tau lepton. The dataset consists of proton-proton interactions at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV , collected by the LHCb experiment, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 2 fb - 1 . The tau leptons are reconstructed in both leptonic and hadronic decay channels. An upper limit on the production cross-section multiplied by the branching fraction at 95% confidence level is set and ranges from 22 pb for a boson mass of 45 GeV / c 2 to 4 pb for a mass of 195 GeV / c 2 .
A search is presented for a Higgs-like boson with mass in the range 45 to 195 GeV / c 2 decaying into a muon and a tau lepton. The dataset consists of proton-proton interactions at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV , collected by the LHCb experiment, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 2 fb - 1 . The tau leptons are reconstructed in both leptonic and hadronic decay channels. An upper limit on the production cross-section multiplied by the branching fraction at 95% confidence level is set and ranges from 22 pb for a boson mass of 45 GeV / c 2 to 4 pb for a mass of 195 GeV / c 2 .
Decays mediated by charged-lepton flavour-violating (CLFV) processes are forbidden in the Standard Model (SM). Their observation would be a clear sign for physics beyond the SM. Such processes are predicted by several theoretical models [1-8], in particular those based on an effective theory with relaxed renormalisability requirements [9], supersymmetric models [10-14], composite Higgs models [15, 16], Randall–Sundrum models [17, 18], and non-abelian flavour symmetry models [19]. Nonetheless, no evidence for CLFV effects has been reported to date.The LEP experiments set stringent limits on the CLFV decay of the boson [20-23]. In the presence of CLFV couplings, the decays to
,
and
could be mediated by a Higgs boson. At LEP2, limits on the cross-section of the , and processes were obtained by the OPAL collaboration for centre-of-mass energies () ranging from 192 to 209 [24]. These constraints can be translated into limits on the Higgs CLFV decay branching fraction [9, 25], which are on the order of for a SM Higgs decay into an electron and muon [25]. Recent searches for the decay have been performed by the CMS [26] and ATLAS [27] collaborations for the Higgs boson with = 125. Upper limits on the branching fraction have been placed by the two collaborations at 0.25% and 1.85%, respectively.The possible existence of low-mass Higgs-like bosons is a feature of models like the two-Higgs-doublet models (2HDM) [28]. Searches for such particles have been performed by the ATLAS [29] and CMS [30] collaborations in the ditau decay mode. Another scenario is that of a hidden gauge sector [31, 32]. In this context, the BaBar and Belle collaborations have performed searches for a resonance with a mass below 10 [33, 34]. The LHCb collaboration has recently published the results of a search for dark photons decaying into the dimuon channel, placing a stringent limit for the production of a dimuon in the mass range from 10.6 to 70 [35].The LHCb detector probes the forward rapidity region which is only partially covered by the other LHC experiments, and triggers on particles with low transverse momenta (), allowing the experiment to explore relatively small boson masses. In this paper a search for CLFV decays into a muon and a tau lepton of a Higgs-like boson with a mass ranging from 45 to 195 is presented, using proton-proton collision data collected at
. The Higgs-like boson is assumed to be produced by gluon-fusion, similarly to the main production mechanism of the SM Higgs boson at LHC [36].1 The analysis is separated into four channels depending on the final state of the lepton decay: (i) single muon , (ii) single electron , (iii) single charged hadron , and (iv) three charged hadrons . They are denoted as , , , and respectively. The main sources of background are decays,2 heavy flavour production from QCD processes (“QCD” in the following) and electroweak boson production accompanied by jets (“ ”). This analysis utilizes reconstruction techniques and results obtained from the measurement by the LHCb collaboration [37].
Detector and simulation description
The LHCb detector [38, 39] is a single-arm forward spectrometer covering the pseudorapidity range, designed for the study of particles containing or quarks. The detector includes a high-precision tracking system consisting of a silicon-strip vertex detector surrounding the pp interaction region, a large-area silicon-strip detector located upstream of a dipole magnet with a bending power of , and three stations of silicon-strip detectors and straw drift tubes placed downstream of the magnet. The tracking system provides a measurement of the momentum of charged particles with a relative uncertainty that varies from 0.5% at low momentum to 1.0% at 200. The minimum distance of a track to a primary vertex (PV), the impact parameter (IP), is measured with a resolution of , where is the component of the momentum transverse to the beam, in . Photons, electrons and hadrons are identified by a calorimeter system consisting of scintillating-pad (SPD) and preshower detectors (PS), an electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) and a hadronic calorimeter (HCAL). Muons are identified by a system composed of five stations of alternating layers of iron and multiwire proportional chambers.Simulated data samples are used to calculate the efficiency for selecting signal processes, to estimate the residual background level, and to produce templates for the fit used to determine the signal yield. For this analysis, the simulation is validated primarily by comparing decays in simulation and data. The Higgs boson is generated assuming a gluon-fusion process, and with mass values from 45 to 195 in steps of 10, using Pythia 8 [40, 41] with a specific LHCb configuration [42]. The parton density functions (PDF) are taken from the CTEQ6L set [43]. Decays of hadronic particles are described by EvtGen [44], in which final-state radiation is generated using Photos [45]. The interaction of the particles with the detector and its response are implemented using the Geant4 toolkit [46, 47] as described in Ref. [48]. Samples of decays generated at next-to-leading order precision by Powheg-Box [49-52] with the PDF set MMHT2014nlo68cl [53] are used for the signal acceptance determination.
Signal selection
This analysis uses data corresponding to a total integrated luminosity of [54]. The data collected uses a trigger system consisting of a hardware stage followed by a software stage. The hardware trigger requires a muon track identified by matching hits in the muon stations, as well as a global event cut (GEC) requiring the hit multiplicity in the SPD to be less than 600. The software trigger selects muons or electrons with a minimum of 15.The candidates are identified and reconstructed into the four channels: , , and . The candidates are reconstructed from the combination of three charged hadrons from a secondary vertex (SV). The candidates are required to be compatible with originating from a common PV. The muon track and the tracks used to reconstruct the tau candidate must be in the geometrical region . Electron candidates are chosen amongst tracks failing the muon identification criteria and falling into the acceptance of the PS, ECAL, and HCAL sub-detectors. A large energy deposit, E, in the PS, ECAL, but not in HCAL is required, satisfying: , , and , where is the reconstructed momentum of the electron candidate, after recovering the energy of the bremsstrahlung photons [55]. Charged hadrons are required to be in the HCAL acceptance, to deposit an energy with , and to fail the muon identification criteria. The pion mass is assigned to all charged hadrons.The selection criteria need to be optimised over the range used in this analysis, from 45 to 195. Three different sets of selection criteria are considered, dubbed L-selection, C-selection, and H-selection. The C-selection is similar to that used for the analysis of decays [37]; as such, it is optimised for . The L-selection and H-selection are optimised for the regions below and above the mass respectively. All selection sets are applied in parallel to compute background estimation and exclusion limits. Subsequently, for each hypothesis, the chosen selection is that of L-, C-, or H-selection which provides the smallest expected signal limit, allowing precise separation between adjacent mass regions. As expected, it is found that the C-selection is optimal for a boson mass of 75 and 85. Below and above that range the best upper limits are obtained from the L- and H-selections, respectively. In the following discussion the requirements are applied identically for all decay channels and selection sets unless stated otherwise.The tau candidates are selected with for ,, and for . For the candidate, the charged hadrons are required to have and one of them with . They are combined to form the tau candidates, which are required to have and an invariant mass in the range 0.7 to 1.5. In the H-selection, the tau candidates must have in excess of 20. This requirement is not applied in the channel as it favours the selection of background. The muon from decay is expected to have a relatively large , thus the selection requires the muon to be greater than 20, 30, and 40 in the L-, C-, and H-selections, respectively. A tighter requirement of 50 is applied for the muon in the channel in the H-selection due to the background. Additionally, for the channel, the contribution from background is suppressed by requiring the transverse momentum of the muon to be larger than that of the candidate.The relatively large lifetime of the lepton is used to suppress prompt background. For the candidate, a SV is reconstructed. A correction to the visible invariant mass, , computed from the three-track combination, is obtained by exploiting the direction of flight defined from the PV to the SV. The relation used is , where is the angle between the momentum of the candidate, and its flight direction. The value is required to not exceed 3. A time-of-flight variable is also computed from the distance of flight and the partially reconstructed momentum of the lepton, and a minimum value of 30 is required. The and time-of-flight requirements together retain 80% of the signal, while rejecting about 75% of the QCD background. For tau decay channels with a single charged particle, it is not possible to reconstruct a SV, and a selection on the particle IP is applied. A threshold of IP selects 85% of the and candidates, and rejects about 50% of the background. The threshold is increased to for candidates, in order to suppress background. The prompt muon instead is selected by requiring IP less than 50, allowing up to 50% rejection of QCD and backgrounds.The two leptons from the Higgs decay should be approximately back-to-back in the plane transverse to the beam. The absolute difference in azimuthal angle of muon and tau candidates is required to be greater than 2.7 radians. This rejects 50% of the background. The transverse momentum asymmetry of the two particles, defined as , can be used to effectively suppress various background processes. The background from the processes is suppressed by up to 60% for the channel by requiring in the L-selection (S-selection), because of the large imbalance between the high- muon from the vector boson and a hadron from a jet. For the channel, the worse momentum resolution increases the average value, hence a softer selection is used to preserve efficiency. On the contrary, for the channel, a tighter cut is applied to suppress the dominant background from decays. By requiring in the L-selection and C-selection (H-selection), such background is reduced by 80%, while the signal decreases to 70%.The two leptons from the Higgs decay are required to be isolated from other charged particles. Two particle-isolation variables are defined as and where is the momentum of the lepton candidate, the subscript denotes the component in the transverse plane, and is the sum of the momenta of all charged tracks within a distance = 0.5 in the plane around the lepton candidate. The isolation requirement is applied to the muon and tau candidates for all decay channels and selection sets, and retain 70% of the signal candidates while rejecting 90% of QCD events. In addition, a cut is applied in the L-selection to both candidates, as the lower reduces the background rejection power of the variable.The selection criteria common or specific to each selection set and decay channel are summarised in Table 1. The signal selection efficiencies are found to vary from 10 to 50%. Due to the kinematic selection, the decay channels are mutually exclusive and just one
candidate per event is found.
Table 1
Requirements for each decay channel and selection set
Requirements for each decay channel and selection set
Background estimation
Several background processes are considered: , (, QCD, , double bosons production (), , and . All backgrounds except are estimated following the procedures described in Ref. [37]. The expected yields can be found in Table 2. The corresponding invariant-mass distributions compared with candidates observed in the data are shown in Fig. 1. For illustration, examples of distributions from simulation are also superimposed.
Table 2
Expected number of background candidates from each component, total background with uncertainty, and number of observed candidates with statistical uncertainty, from each decay channel and selection set
Invariant-mass distributions for the candidates for the four decay channels (from top to bottom: , , , ) and the three selections (from left to right: L-selection, C-selection, H-selection). The distribution of candidates observed (black points) is compared with backgrounds (filled colour, stacked), and with signal hypothesis (cyan). The signal is normalised to , with N the total number of candidates in the corresponding data histogram
The background is estimated from the cross-section measured by the LHCb collaboration [37] where the reconstruction efficiency is determined from data, and the acceptance and selection efficiency are obtained from simulation. The estimated background includes a small amount of cross-feed from different final states of the tau decay, as determined from simulation. The background is dominant in the channel. The corresponding invariant-mass distribution is obtained from simulation and normalised to data in the peak region, from 80 to 100. In order to suppress the potential presence of signal in this region, the muons are required to be promptly produced. For other channels, the decay becomes a background source in case a lepton is misidentified. This contribution is computed from the in data, and weighted by the particle misidentification probability obtained from simulation.The QCD and backgrounds are inferred from data using the same criteria as for the signal but selecting same-sign
candidates. Their amounts are determined by a fit to the distribution of , with templates representing each of them. The template for the QCD component is obtained from data requiring an anti-isolation selection. The distribution obtained from simulation is used for the component. Factors are subsequently applied for the correction of the relative yield of opposite-sign to same-sign candidates. For the QCD background the number of anti-isolated opposite-sign candidates found in data is used in the calculation of the correction factor, where it is found to be close to unity. The factors are found consistent with the simulation. The factors for the component are taken from simulation, and are in general larger than unity (1.3 for up to 3.1 for , for the L-selection). The minor contributions from , , and processes are estimated from simulation.Invariant-mass distributions for the candidates for the four decay channels (from top to bottom: , , , ) and the three selections (from left to right: L-selection, C-selection, H-selection). The distribution of candidates observed (black points) is compared with backgrounds (filled colour, stacked), and with signal hypothesis (cyan). The signal is normalised to , with N the total number of candidates in the corresponding data histogramExpected number of background candidates from each component, total background with uncertainty, and number of observed candidates with statistical uncertainty, from each decay channel and selection set
Results
The signal cross-section multiplied by the branching fraction is given bywhere is the signal yield obtained from the fit procedure described below, the total integrated luminosity, the tau branching fraction, and the detection efficiency. The latter is the product of acceptance, reconstruction, and offline selection efficiencies. These efficiencies are obtained from simulated samples and data for each decay channel and selection set, following the methods developed for the measurement [37]. The acceptance obtained from the Powheg-Box generator is identical for the , , and channels, varying from 1.0% for to 3.2% for . The reconstruction efficiency, which is the product of contributions from trigger, tracking, and particle identification, is in the range 40–70%, but only about 15% in the case of the channel because of the limited tracking efficiency for the low-momentum hadrons. With the exception of the channel, the selection efficiency is 18–30% in the L-selection, and 24–49% in the C-selection and H-selection. In the case of the channel, the tighter selection on the muon and impact parameter reduces the selection efficiency to 10–15%.The systematic uncertainties are summarised in Table 3. The uncertainty on the acceptance receives contributions from the gluon PDF uncertainty, as well as from factorization and renormalisation scales. The uncertainties on the reconstruction and selection efficiencies are estimated from simulation and are calibrated using data as described in Ref. [37]. The uncertainty associated with the invariant-mass shape is handled by selecting the weakest expected limits among the different choices of distribution (kernel estimation and histograms with different bin widths are used). The uncertainties on the integrated luminosity and acceptance are fully correlated among channels, while only a partial correlation is found for the reconstruction efficiency uncertainties. All the other uncertainties are taken as uncorrelated.
Table 3
Relative systematic uncertainties (in %) on the normalisation factors in the cross-section calculation. When the uncertainty depends on a range is indicated
Relative systematic uncertainties (in %) on the normalisation factors in the cross-section calculation. When the uncertainty depends on a range is indicatedThe signal yield is determined from a simultaneous extended likelihood fit of the binned invariant-mass distributions of the
candidates. The distributions for signal are obtained from simulation, while distributions of the different background sources are obtained using the method described in Sect. 4. The amount of each background component as well as other terms in Eq. (1) containing uncertainties are treated as nuisance parameters and are constrained to a Gaussian distribution with mean and standard deviation corresponding to the expected value and its uncertainty, respectively.The fit results for all values are compatible with a null signal, hence cross-section upper limits are computed. The exclusion limits of defined at 95% confidence level are obtained from the method [56]. As mentioned before, for each mass hypothesis the selection considered is that providing the smallest expected limit. The exclusion limits are shown in Fig. 2, ranging from 22 for = 45 to 4 for = 195. In the particular case of = 125, using the production cross-section from Ref. [57] gives a best fit for the branching fraction of and an observed exclusion limit . The corresponding exclusion limit on the Yukawa coupling is , assuming the decay width [58].
Fig. 2
Cross-section times branching fraction 95% CL limits for the decay as a function of , from the simultaneous fit. The observed limits from individual channels are also shown
Cross-section times branching fraction 95% CL limits for the decay as a function of , from the simultaneous fit. The observed limits from individual channels are also shown
Conclusion
A search for Higgs-like bosons decaying via a lepton-flavour-violating process in pp collisions at = 8 is presented, with the tau lepton reconstructed in leptonic and hadronic decay modes. No signal has been found. The upper bound on the cross-section multiplied by the branching fraction, at 95% confidence level, ranges from 22 for a boson mass of 45, to 4 for 195. The search provides information complementary to the ATLAS and CMS collaborations.
Authors: S Chatrchyan; V Khachatryan; A M Sirunyan; A Tumasyan; W Adam; T Bergauer; M Dragicevic; J Erö; C Fabjan; M Friedl; R Frühwirth; V M Ghete; J Hammer; S Hänsel; M Hoch; N Hörmann; J Hrubec; M Jeitler; G Kasieczka; W Kiesenhofer; M Krammer; D Liko; I Mikulec; M Pernicka; H Rohringer; R Schöfbeck; J Strauss; F Teischinger; P Wagner; W Waltenberger; G Walzel; E Widl; C-E Wulz; V Mossolov; N Shumeiko; J Suarez Gonzalez; L Benucci; E A De Wolf; X Janssen; T Maes; L Mucibello; S Ochesanu; B Roland; R Rougny; M Selvaggi; H Van Haevermaet; P Van Mechelen; N Van Remortel; F Blekman; S Blyweert; J D'Hondt; O Devroede; R Gonzalez Suarez; A Kalogeropoulos; J Maes; M Maes; W Van Doninck; P Van Mulders; G P Van Onsem; I Villella; O Charaf; B Clerbaux; G De Lentdecker; V Dero; A P R Gay; G H Hammad; T Hreus; P E Marage; L Thomas; C Vander Velde; P Vanlaer; V Adler; A Cimmino; S Costantini; M Grunewald; B Klein; J Lellouch; A Marinov; J McCartin; D Ryckbosch; F Thyssen; M Tytgat; L Vanelderen; 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