Erythroliposomes: Integrated Hybrid Nanovesicles Composed of Erythrocyte Membranes and Artificial Lipid Membranes for Pore-Forming Toxin Clearance.

Pore-forming toxins (PFTs) are the most common bacterial virulence proteins and play a significant role in the pathogenesis of bacterial infections; thus, PFTs are an attractive therapeutic target in bacterial infections. Inspired by the pore-forming process and mechanism of PFTs, we designed an integrated hybrid nanovesicle-the erythroliposome (called the RM-PL)-for PFT detoxification by fusing natural red blood cell (RBC) membranes with artificial lipid membranes. The lipid and RBC membranes were mutually beneficial when integrated into a hybrid nanovesicle structure. The RBC membrane endowed RM-PLs with the capacity for detoxification, while the PEGylated lipid membrane stabilized the RM-PLs and greatly improved the detoxification capacity of the RBC membrane. With α-hemolysin (Hlα) as a model PFT, we demonstrated that RM-PLs could not only significantly reduce the toxicity of Hlα to erythrocytes in vitro but also effectively sponge Hlα in vivo and rescue mice from Hlα-induced damage. Moreover, the high detoxification capacity of RM-PLs was shown to be partly related to the expression of the Hlα receptor protein, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 10 on the RBC membrane. Consequently, as a component integrating natural and artificial materials, the erythroliposome nanoplatform inspires potential strategies for antivirulence therapy.