Fengchao Liang1, Xueli Yang1, Fangchao Liu1, Jianxin Li1, Qingyang Xiao2, Jichun Chen1, Xiaoqing Liu3, Jie Cao1, Chong Shen4, Ling Yu5, Fanghong Lu6, Xianping Wu7, Liancheng Zhao1, Xigui Wu1, Ying Li1, Dongsheng Hu8, Jianfeng Huang1, Yang Liu9, Xiangfeng Lu10, Dongfeng Gu1. 1. Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Epidemiology & Department of Epidemiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China. 2. Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. 3. Division of Epidemiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital and Cardiovascular Institute, Guangzhou 510080, China. 4. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China. 5. Department of Cardiology, Fujian Provincial People's Hospital, Fuzhou 350014, China. 6. Cardio-Cerebrovascular Control and Research Center, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250062, China. 7. Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu 610041, China. 8. Department of Prevention Medicine, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518060, China. 9. Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. Electronic address: yang.liu@emory.edu. 10. Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Epidemiology & Department of Epidemiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China. Electronic address: xiangfenglu@sina.com.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Diabetes caused substantial economic and health burden worldwide. However, the associations between air pollution and diabetes incidence were rarely reported in the developing countries, especially in China with relatively high PM2.5 concentrations. OBJECTIVES: A cohort-based study was conducted to assess the diabetes incidence associated with long-term exposure to ambient PM2.5. METHODS: We collected individual health data and risk factors from the project of Prediction for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk in China (China-PAR Project) from 15 provinces over China. Diabetes was defined as fasting glucose levels ≥7.0 mmol/L at the follow-ups and/or the use of insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents and/or diagnosed medical history of diabetes during 2004 to 2015. Individual-level PM2.5 exposures were estimated from satellite-based PM2.5 concentrations (10 km spatial resolution) during the study period. Cox proportional hazards models with random intercepts of each cohort and region were employed to estimate the diabetes incidence attributable to PM2.5, after the adjustment for age, gender, body mass index, smoking status, education, work-related physical activity level, hypertension, urbanicity, county-level averaged years of education, and long-term levels of temperature and relative humidity. RESULTS: A total of 88,397 subjects were analyzed with 580,928 person-years of follow-up after 2004, among which 6439 new cases of diabetes were observed. The mean age of the subjects was 51.7 years at baseline. For an increase of 10 μg/m3 in long-term PM2.5 exposure, the multivariable-adjusted percent increase in the diabetes incidence was estimated to be 15.66% (95% confidence interval: 6.42%, 25.70%). The adverse effects of PM2.5 were larger among females, rural subjects, non-smokers, normotensives, subjects younger than 65 years and subjects with body mass index <25 kg/m2. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provided evidence for the association of long-term exposure to PM2.5 with diabetes incidence in China. A sustained improvement of air quality will benefit the reduction for diabetes epidemic in China.
BACKGROUND:Diabetes caused substantial economic and health burden worldwide. However, the associations between air pollution and diabetes incidence were rarely reported in the developing countries, especially in China with relatively high PM2.5 concentrations. OBJECTIVES: A cohort-based study was conducted to assess the diabetes incidence associated with long-term exposure to ambient PM2.5. METHODS: We collected individual health data and risk factors from the project of Prediction for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk in China (China-PAR Project) from 15 provinces over China. Diabetes was defined as fasting glucose levels ≥7.0 mmol/L at the follow-ups and/or the use of insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents and/or diagnosed medical history of diabetes during 2004 to 2015. Individual-level PM2.5 exposures were estimated from satellite-based PM2.5 concentrations (10 km spatial resolution) during the study period. Cox proportional hazards models with random intercepts of each cohort and region were employed to estimate the diabetes incidence attributable to PM2.5, after the adjustment for age, gender, body mass index, smoking status, education, work-related physical activity level, hypertension, urbanicity, county-level averaged years of education, and long-term levels of temperature and relative humidity. RESULTS: A total of 88,397 subjects were analyzed with 580,928 person-years of follow-up after 2004, among which 6439 new cases of diabetes were observed. The mean age of the subjects was 51.7 years at baseline. For an increase of 10 μg/m3 in long-term PM2.5 exposure, the multivariable-adjusted percent increase in the diabetes incidence was estimated to be 15.66% (95% confidence interval: 6.42%, 25.70%). The adverse effects of PM2.5 were larger among females, rural subjects, non-smokers, normotensives, subjects younger than 65 years and subjects with body mass index <25 kg/m2. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provided evidence for the association of long-term exposure to PM2.5 with diabetes incidence in China. A sustained improvement of air quality will benefit the reduction for diabetes epidemic in China.
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