Marie Belle Kathrina Mendoza Auckloo1, Bronwen Beth Davies2. 1. Division of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa. Electronic address: ackmar005@myuct.ac.za. 2. Division of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa. Electronic address: bronwen.davies@uct.ac.za.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: In South Africa, violence-related injury and mortality contributes highly to the nation's burden of injury. Drug abuse, which is also reported to be rife across the county, has been associated with violence, resulting injury, and death. While post-mortem toxicological investigations are comprehensive and routine in violent fatalities internationally; this is not currently the case in South Africa. OBJECTIVES: To conduct a post-mortem toxicological investigation on a cohort of violent fatalities in the West-Metropole of Cape Town, Western Cape. METHODS: The study included a prospective toxicological analysis and a retrospective review of the corresponding blood alcohol results on a small cohort of victims of violent death (whether homicidal, non-overdose suicidal, or accidental) admitted to the Salt River State Mortuary in Cape Town. Biological specimens were collected from the victims following informed consent from the next-of-kin, and a targeted screening approach using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry was used for the qualitative toxicology analysis. At the Forensic Chemistry National Laboratory, blood alcohol testing was conducted using a headspace gas chromatography with flame ionisation detector according to national standards. Data was analysed with regards to demographics, circumstances of death, and toxicological results. RESULTS: Consent was obtained for 104 violent death cases, autopsied between August-October 2015, most were male victims of homicide (n = 92, 88%). Volatiles analysis for ethanol was performed on 98% of cases, with 41% testing positive (>0.01 g/100 mL). Other drugs of abuse were detected in 63 (61%) cases and more than one substance were present in 51 (49%) cases. The most commonly detected substances were combinations of methamphetamine, diphenhydramine, and methaqualone. CONCLUSIONS: A high prevalence of drugs of abuse was identified in a cohort of victims of violent death. Objective drug trends observed were consistent with national self-reported rehabilitation centre data and research on self-reported drug user. This study was limited by the sampling strategy, including challenges associated with obtaining consent and the rapid turnover of violent fatalities. Despite this - and to the authors' knowledge - this study provided the first prospective post-mortem toxicological investigation into violent death in South Africa. Contextually, it highlights the need for routine and comprehensive toxicology in these cases to strengthen research and service provision, so as to better understand the role of drugs in violent death.
BACKGROUND: In South Africa, violence-related injury and mortality contributes highly to the nation's burden of injury. Drug abuse, which is also reported to be rife across the county, has been associated with violence, resulting injury, and death. While post-mortem toxicological investigations are comprehensive and routine in violent fatalities internationally; this is not currently the case in South Africa. OBJECTIVES: To conduct a post-mortem toxicological investigation on a cohort of violent fatalities in the West-Metropole of Cape Town, Western Cape. METHODS: The study included a prospective toxicological analysis and a retrospective review of the corresponding blood alcohol results on a small cohort of victims of violent death (whether homicidal, non-overdose suicidal, or accidental) admitted to the Salt River State Mortuary in Cape Town. Biological specimens were collected from the victims following informed consent from the next-of-kin, and a targeted screening approach using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry was used for the qualitative toxicology analysis. At the Forensic Chemistry National Laboratory, blood alcohol testing was conducted using a headspace gas chromatography with flame ionisation detector according to national standards. Data was analysed with regards to demographics, circumstances of death, and toxicological results. RESULTS: Consent was obtained for 104 violent death cases, autopsied between August-October 2015, most were male victims of homicide (n = 92, 88%). Volatiles analysis for ethanol was performed on 98% of cases, with 41% testing positive (>0.01 g/100 mL). Other drugs of abuse were detected in 63 (61%) cases and more than one substance were present in 51 (49%) cases. The most commonly detected substances were combinations of methamphetamine, diphenhydramine, and methaqualone. CONCLUSIONS: A high prevalence of drugs of abuse was identified in a cohort of victims of violent death. Objective drug trends observed were consistent with national self-reported rehabilitation centre data and research on self-reported drug user. This study was limited by the sampling strategy, including challenges associated with obtaining consent and the rapid turnover of violent fatalities. Despite this - and to the authors' knowledge - this study provided the first prospective post-mortem toxicological investigation into violent death in South Africa. Contextually, it highlights the need for routine and comprehensive toxicology in these cases to strengthen research and service provision, so as to better understand the role of drugs in violent death.