Mechanistic role of perfusion culture on bone regeneration.

Bone tissue engineering (BTE) aims to develop engineered bone tissue to substitute conventional bone grafts. To achieve this, culturing the cells on the biocompatible three-dimensional (3D) scaffold is one alternative approach. The new functional bone tissue regeneration could be feasible by the synergetic combinations of cells, biomaterials and bioreactors. Although the field of biomaterial design/development for BTE applications attained reasonable success, development of suitable bioreactor remains still a major challenge. Tissue engineering bioreactors provide the microenvironment required for neo-tissue regeneration, and also can be used to study the physio-chemical cues effect on cell proliferation and differentiation in order to produce functional tissue. In this direction, various bioreactors have been developed and evaluated for the successful development of engineered bone tissue. Continues assessment of tissue development and limitations of the bioreactors lead to the progression of perfusion flow bioreactor system. Improvements in perfusion reactor system were able to yield multiple tissue engineered constructs with uniform cell distribution, easy to operate protocols and also effectively handled for the functional tissue development to meet the adequate supply of engineered graft for clinical application.