Psychological Interventions for Persistent Orofacial Pain.

Persistent pain has been defined as pain lasting beyond the normal time of healing (up to six months), often in the absence of observable tissue pathology. it includes a range of conditions which are likely to present in the dental setting including temporomandibular disorders, burning mouth syndrome, persistent dentoalveolar pain, trigeminal nerve injury, trigeminal neuralgia and atypical facial pain.<br/> This article reviews psychological interventions for pain. this includes interventions that have been researched in a range of persistent pain settings, including but not limited to those that have been directly applied to persistent orofacial pain (POFP).<br/> All current psychological interventions for persistent pain are underpinned by a biopsychosocial understanding of the complex and multifactorial nature of pain. the main currently applied interventions are described, along with their rationale and selected relevant research. To date, psychological treatments which have been shown to persistent pain demonstrate small but consistent improvements in pain, disability and quality of life compared to standard care.<br/> A stepped care approach to service provision is outlined, with practical ideas for administering routine psychological measures to help stratify patients towards the appropriate care pathway.