Şükrü Serter Çatav1, Emine Sonay Elgin2, Çağdaş Dağ2,3, Jaime L Stark4, Köksal Küçükakyüz5. 1. Division of Botany, Department of Biology, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Kötekli, 48000, Muğla, Turkey. 2. Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Kötekli, 48000, Muğla, Turkey. 3. Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, 47403, USA. 4. Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA. 5. Division of Botany, Department of Biology, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Kötekli, 48000, Muğla, Turkey. akyuzk@mu.edu.tr.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: It is well known that plant-derived smoke stimulates seed germination and seedling growth in many plants. Although a number of transcriptomics and proteomics studies have been carried out to understand the mode of action of smoke, less is known about the biochemical alterations associated with smoke exposure in plants. OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were (1) to determine the metabolic alterations in maize roots pre-treated with various concentrations of smoke solution, and (2) to identify the smoke-responsive metabolic pathways during early root growth period. METHODS: Maize seeds were pre-treated with different concentrations of smoke solutions for 24 h and then grown for 10 days. 600-MHz 1H NMR spectroscopy was performed on the aqueous root extracts of maize seedlings. The metabolite data obtained from the NMR spectra were analyzed by several statistical and functional methods, including one-way ANOVA, PCA, PLS-DA and pathway analysis. RESULTS: Our study identified a total of 29 metabolites belonging to various chemical groups. Concentrations of 20 out of these 29 metabolites displayed significant (p < 0.05) changes after at least one smoke pre-treatment compared to the control. Moreover, functional analyses revealed that smoke pre-treatments markedly affected the carbohydrate- and energy-related metabolic pathways, such as galactose metabolism, glycolysis, glyoxylate metabolism, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and starch/sucrose metabolism. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first study that investigates smoke-induced biochemical alterations in early root growth period using NMR spectroscopy. Our findings clearly indicate that smoke either directly or indirectly influences many metabolic processes in maize roots.
INTRODUCTION: It is well known that plant-derived smoke stimulates seed germination and seedling growth in many plants. Although a number of transcriptomics and proteomics studies have been carried out to understand the mode of action of smoke, less is known about the biochemical alterations associated with smoke exposure in plants. OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were (1) to determine the metabolic alterations in maize roots pre-treated with various concentrations of smoke solution, and (2) to identify the smoke-responsive metabolic pathways during early root growth period. METHODS:Maize seeds were pre-treated with different concentrations of smoke solutions for 24 h and then grown for 10 days. 600-MHz 1H NMR spectroscopy was performed on the aqueous root extracts of maize seedlings. The metabolite data obtained from the NMR spectra were analyzed by several statistical and functional methods, including one-way ANOVA, PCA, PLS-DA and pathway analysis. RESULTS: Our study identified a total of 29 metabolites belonging to various chemical groups. Concentrations of 20 out of these 29 metabolites displayed significant (p < 0.05) changes after at least one smoke pre-treatment compared to the control. Moreover, functional analyses revealed that smoke pre-treatments markedly affected the carbohydrate- and energy-related metabolic pathways, such as galactose metabolism, glycolysis, glyoxylate metabolism, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and starch/sucrose metabolism. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first study that investigates smoke-induced biochemical alterations in early root growth period using NMR spectroscopy. Our findings clearly indicate that smoke either directly or indirectly influences many metabolic processes in maize roots.
Authors: David C Nelson; Gavin R Flematti; Julie-Anne Riseborough; Emilio L Ghisalberti; Kingsley W Dixon; Steven M Smith Journal: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A Date: 2010-03-29 Impact factor: 11.205
Authors: Raoul J Bino; Robert D Hall; Oliver Fiehn; Joachim Kopka; Kazuki Saito; John Draper; Basil J Nikolau; Pedro Mendes; Ute Roessner-Tunali; Michael H Beale; Richard N Trethewey; B Markus Lange; Eve Syrkin Wurtele; Lloyd W Sumner Journal: Trends Plant Sci Date: 2004-09 Impact factor: 18.313