Ivana Jarak1,2, Ludgero Tavares3, Mariana Palma1, João Rito1,3, Rui A Carvalho1, Ivan Viegas4,5. 1. CFE - Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal. 2. Laboratory of Cell Biology and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Department of Microscopy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. 3. Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal. 4. CFE - Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal. iviegas@uc.pt. 5. Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal. iviegas@uc.pt.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Feed optimization is a key step to the environmental and economic sustainability of aquaculture, especially for carnivorous species. Plant-derived ingredients can contribute to reduce costs and nitrogenous effluents while sparing wild fish stocks. However, the metabolic use of carbohydrates from vegetable sources by carnivorous fish is still not completely understood. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to study the effects of diets with carbohydrates of different digestibilities, gelatinized starch (DS) and raw starch (RS), in the muscle metabolome of European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). METHODS: We followed an NMR-metabolomics approach, using two sample preparation procedures, the intact muscle (HRMAS) and the aqueous muscle extracts (1H NMR), to compare the variations in muscle metabolome between the two diets. RESULTS: In muscle, multivariate analysis revealed similar metabolome shifts for DS and RS diets, when compared with the control diet. HRMAS of intact muscle, which included both hydrophobic and hydrophilic metabolites, showed increased lipid in DS-fed fish by univariate analysis. Regardless of the nature of the starch, increased glycine and phenylalanine, and decreased proline were observed when compared to the Ctr diet. Combined univariate analysis of intact muscle and aqueous extracts indicated specific diet related changes in lipid and amino acid metabolism, consistent with increased dietary carbohydrate supplementation. CONCLUSIONS: Due to differential sample processing, outputs differ in detail but provide complementary information. After tracing nutritional alterations by profiling fillet components, DS seems to be the most promising alternative to fishmeal-based diets in aquaculture. This approach should be reproducible for other farmed fish species and provide valuable information on nutritional and organoleptic properties of the final product.
INTRODUCTION: Feed optimization is a key step to the environmental and economic sustainability of aquaculture, especially for carnivorous species. Plant-derived ingredients can contribute to reduce costs and nitrogenous effluents while sparing wild fish stocks. However, the metabolic use of carbohydrates from vegetable sources by carnivorous fish is still not completely understood. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to study the effects of diets with carbohydrates of different digestibilities, gelatinized starch (DS) and raw starch (RS), in the muscle metabolome of European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). METHODS: We followed an NMR-metabolomics approach, using two sample preparation procedures, the intact muscle (HRMAS) and the aqueous muscle extracts (1H NMR), to compare the variations in muscle metabolome between the two diets. RESULTS: In muscle, multivariate analysis revealed similar metabolome shifts for DS and RS diets, when compared with the control diet. HRMAS of intact muscle, which included both hydrophobic and hydrophilic metabolites, showed increased lipid in DS-fed fish by univariate analysis. Regardless of the nature of the starch, increased glycine and phenylalanine, and decreased proline were observed when compared to the Ctr diet. Combined univariate analysis of intact muscle and aqueous extracts indicated specific diet related changes in lipid and amino acid metabolism, consistent with increased dietary carbohydrate supplementation. CONCLUSIONS: Due to differential sample processing, outputs differ in detail but provide complementary information. After tracing nutritional alterations by profiling fillet components, DS seems to be the most promising alternative to fishmeal-based diets in aquaculture. This approach should be reproducible for other farmed fish species and provide valuable information on nutritional and organoleptic properties of the final product.
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Authors: Pei Wu; Yang Liu; Wei-Dan Jiang; Jun Jiang; Juan Zhao; Yong-An Zhang; Xiao-Qiu Zhou; Lin Feng Journal: PLoS One Date: 2017-01-18 Impact factor: 3.240
Authors: João Rito; Ivan Viegas; Miguel A Pardal; Isidoro Metón; Isabel V Baanante; John G Jones Journal: Sci Rep Date: 2018-01-11 Impact factor: 4.379
Authors: Mariana Palma; Ludgero C Tavares; João Rito; Luís F Henriques; João G Silva; Rodrigo Ozório; Miguel A Pardal; Leonardo J Magnoni; Ivan Viegas Journal: Metabolites Date: 2019-09-27
Authors: Mariana Palma; Lauren H Trenkner; João Rito; Ludgero C Tavares; Emanuel Silva; Brett D Glencross; John G Jones; Nicholas M Wade; Ivan Viegas Journal: Front Physiol Date: 2020-03-20 Impact factor: 4.566